English language for technical colleges

introduce -- представлять, знакомить

Black Sea coast -- побережье Черного моря

a first-year student -- студент(ка) первого курса

region-- область

appearance-- внешность

slim -- стройная

career-- карьера

gymnastics -- гимнастика

mathematician -- математик

housewife -- домохозяйка

several -- несколько

to do well -- зд. успевать

chance -- случай, шанс

kind -- добрый

a lot -- много

the Netherlands -- Нидерланды

the United Kingdom -- Соединенное Королевство (Великобритания)ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY

(ПОПОЛНИ СВОЙ АКТИВНЫЙ СЛОВАРЬ):

tall -- высокий

short -- маленького роста

stout -- приземистый, коренастый

slim -- стройный

fat -- толстый

plumpy -- полный

fair hair -- светлые волосы

blonde -- блондин(ка)

brunette -- брюнет(ка)

gray hair -- седые волосы

bold headed -- лысый

short sighted -- близорукий

smart, clever, bright -- умный (я)

stupid -- тупой, глупый

boring -- скучный

fun to be with -- веселый человек

easy to go along -- легкий в общении

quiet -- спокойный

impulsive -- порывистый, импульсивный

aggressive -- агрессивный

rude -- невежливый, грубый

shy, confused -- застенчивый

active -- активный

talkative -- разговорчивый

enthusiastic -- энтузиаст, затейник

Exercise 1.1. Please, introduce yourself. The questions below will certainly help you:

1. What is your name?

2. Where and when were you born?

3. How old are you?

5. Have you got a family?

6. How many people are there in your family?

7. Do you have brothers, sisters, grandparents in your family?

8. Where do you live?

9. Did you study well at school?

10. What school did you finish?

11. Did your teacher of English help you to choose your future profession?

12. What was your favourite subject?

13. What do you like to read?

14. What sport do you go in for?

15. What are you going to be?

16. Do you still live with your parents?

17. Do you have a girlfriend / boyfriend?

Exercise 1.2. Bring a picture of a person you know well (mother, father, grandfather, friend) to class. Show it and describe that person. Use the active vocabulary of the unit.

I was born on the 30-th of November 1835 in the village of Florida, Missouri. My father was John Marshal Clemens.

According to tradition some of my great-great parents were pirates and slave traders -- a respectable trade in the 16-th century. In my time I wished to be a pirate myself.

Florida contained a hundred people and when I was born I increased the population by one per cent. It had two streets and a lot of lanes. Both the streets and the lanes were paved (мостить) with the same material -- black mud in wet times, deep dust in dry. Most of the houses were of wood -- there were none of brick and none of stone. Everywhere around were fields and woods.

My uncle was a farmer. I have never met a better man than he was. He was a middle-aged man whose head was clear and whose heart was honest and simple. I stayed at his house for three months every year till I was thirteen years old. Nowhere else was I happier than at his house. He had eight children and owned about fourteen Negro slaves whom he had bought from other farmers. My uncle and everyone on the farm treated the slaves kindly. All the Negroes on the farm were friends of ours and with those of our own age we were playmates. Since my childhood I have learned to like the black race and admire some of its fine qualities. In my school days nobody told me that it was wrong to sell and buy people. It is only much later that I realized all the horror of slavery.

The country school was three miles from my uncle's farm. It stood in a forest and could take in about twenty five boys and girls. We attended school once or twice a week. I was a sickly (хилый) child and lived mainly on medicine the first seven years of my life.

When I was twelve years old my father died. After my father's death our family was left penniless. I was taken from school at once and placed in the office of a local newspaper as printer's apprentice (подмастерье) where I could receive board and clothes but no money.

For ten years I worked in printshops of various cities. I started my journalistic life as a reporter on a newspaper in San-Francisco. It was then that I began to sign my publications by my penname Mark Twain.

General understanding:

1. In what state was Samuel Clemens born?

2. What were the great-great parents of Mark Twain?

3. What did Mark Twain want to be?

4. What were the streets and lanes of Florida paved with?

5. How does the author describe his uncle?

6. How many slaves did Mark Twain's uncle own?

7. What was the author's attitude toward slavery?

8. Was Mark Twain a healthy boy?

9. When did the author start his career of a writer?

GRAMMAR

Неопределенный и определенный артикли. Неопределенный артикль a (an) происходит от числительного one (один), определенный -- от указательного местоимения that (тот).

Артикль употребляется:

* перед каждым нарицательным существительным.

Если перед существительным артикль не употребляется, то нужно уметь объяснить, почему.

Артикль не употребляется если перед существительным стоит:

* указательное или притяжательное местоимение,

* другое существительное в притяжательном падеже,

* количественное числительное,

* отрицание no.

Например: This is my book. It's friend's book. I have one book.

Упоминая предмет впервые, мы употребляем перед ним неопределенный артикль а (ап). Упоминая этот же предмет вторично, мы ставим перед ним определенный артикль the. Например: This is a book. The book is interesting.

Неопределенный артикль a (an)

употребляется перед единичным, отдельным предметом, который мы не выделяем из класса ему подобных. Неопределенный артикль an обычно стоит перед существительным, которое начинается с гласного звука: an apple, an egg.

Например: I bought a book yesterday. Я купил вчера книгу (одну из многих ей подобных). I have an apple. У меня есть яблоко (одно, какое-то).

Неопределенный артикль a (an) может употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными, стоящими в единственном числе. Перед неисчисляемыми существительными или существительными во множественном числе неопределенный артикль опускается.

Неопределенный артикль не употребляется:

а) с неисчисляемыми и «абстрактными» существительными:

I like coffee and tea. Friendship is very important in our life.

б) с существительными во множественном числе:

They are students now.

в) с именами собственными:

I told Jane about that.

г) с существительными, перед которыми стоят притяжательные или указательные местоимения:

This car is better than that. My bike is old.

д) с существительными, за которыми следует количественное числительное, обозначающее номер:

I have read page eight of the magazine.

Неопределенный артикль а необходим в конструкциях:

I have a... This is a... I am a... What a fine day! I see a... There is a... He is a...

Определенный артикль the выделяет предмет или предметы из класса им подобных:

The book I bought yesterday was interesting -- Книга, которую я купил вчера, была интересной (это -- конкретная книга, которую говорящий выделяет из класса ей подобных).

Определенный артикль the употребляется как с исчисляемыми, так и с неисчисляемыми существительными, как с единственным, так и с множественным числом.

Например: This is a book. The book is interesting (исчисляемое в единственном числе).

This is meat. The meat is fresh, (неисчисляемое)

These are books. The books are good. (множественное число).

Определенный артикль употребляется:

а) когда известно (из контекста, из окружающей обстановки) о каком предмете (предметах, явлениях) идет речь: Open the door, please. I am going to the Academy.

б) когда речь идет о единственном в своем роде предмете или явлении: The moon is shining brightly.

в) когда существительное имеет ограничивающее определение, чаще всего с предлогом of.

I don't know the name of this pupil.

г) в словосочетаниях типа in the north, to the west, at the cinema, the same, in the country, the rest of the...

д) если перед существительным стоит прилагательное в превосходной степени

This is the most interesting book.

e) перед порядковыми числительными

He lives on the fifth floor.

Географические названия и артикль

С географическими названиями и с именами собственными, артикль, как правило, не употребляется, кроме следующих случаев:

а) с названиями морей, рек, океанов, горных хребтов, групп островов используется определенный артикль: the Pacific Ocean, the Black Sea, the Thames, the British Isles.

б) определенный артикль используется с несколькими названиями стран, областей и городов, (хотя обычно с этими типами названий артикль не используется):

the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Netherlands, the Hague, the Riviera, the Congo, the West Indies

в) определенный артикль используется с названиями стран типа:

the Russian Federation, the United States of America, the United Kingdom.

г) перед собирательным именем семьи The Petrovs -- Петровы

Exercise 1.3. Translate into Russian. Explain the use (использование) of definite (определенных) and indefinite (неопределенных) articles:

1. Last week I met my friend. He was with a young girl. The girl was a student of our Academy. 2. This is a pencil. The pencil is red. 3. She is a teacher. She is our teacher of English. 4. It is a lake. The lake is deep. It's one of the deepest lakes in the world. 5. There are many flowers in your garden. The flowers are beautiful. 6. Did you write a plan? Give me your plan, please. Is this plan effective? 7. The Black Sea is in the South of Russia. 8. This is Mike. He works as an engineer. Mike is a highly qualified engineer. 9. There are some schools in our street. The schools are new. 10. Gagarin was the first cosmonaut of the world. 11. In summer the sky is blue and the sun shines brightly. 12. The Petrovs are very friendly. 13. This is Ann's book. I don't like such books. 14. Winter begins in December.

Exercise 1.4. Insert (вставьте) the article where necessary:

1. This... pencil is broken. Give me that... pencil, please. 2. I can see three... boys.... boys are playing. 3.1 have... bicycle.... bicycle is black. My... friend has no... bicycle. 4. Our... room is large. 5. We wrote... dictation yesterday.... dictation was long. 6. She has two...daughters and one...son. Her...son is...pupil. 7. My...brother's... friend has no... dog. 8. This is... tree.... tree is green. 9. She has...ball....ball is...big. 10. I got... letter from my... friend yesterday.... letter was interesting.

Exercise 1.5. Use the articles a, an, the where it is necessary:

1. Yesterday I saw... new film, but... film wasn't very interesting. 2. London is situated on... Thames. 3. Yuri Gagarin was... first man to fly over... Earth in spaceship. 4. My daughter will go school... next year. 5.1 decided to visit... Ivanovs, but they were not at... home 6. In... summer we live in... country. 7. Lomonosov,... great Russian scientist, was born in... small village on... shore of... White Sea. 8.... United States of America is one of... most powerful countries of the world. 9. Is your dress made of... silk or... cotton? 10...Peter's brother is... student and we are...pupils.11. What would you like:... apple or... orange? 12. What... strange man he is!

Exercise 1.5. Use the articles a, an, the where it is necessary:

I... Volga is... longest river in... Europe. 2....History and... Literature were... my favourite subjects at... school. 3.What is... nearest way to... Drama Theatre?4....butter and... cheese are made of... milk. 5. Usually I get up at... 7 o'clock in... morning. 6...Rostov is situated on... Don. 7. Will you have... cup of... tea? 8.What... good friend you are! 9. We shall go to...cinema... next week together with... Petrovs. 10. This is... book,... book is very interesting. 11. Do you see... sun in... sky today? 12.He is... engineer by... profession.

Exercise 1.6. Insert (вставьте) the article where necessary:

Three men came to... New York for... holiday. They came to... very large hotel and took... room there. Their room was on... forty-fifth floor. In... evening... friends went to... theatre and came back to... hotel very late.

«I am very sorry,» said... clerk of... hotel, «but... lifts do not work tonight. If you don't want to walk up to your room, we shall make... beds for you in... hall.» «No, no,» said one of... friends, «no, thank you. We don't want to sleep in... hall. We shall walk up to our room.»

Then he turned to his friends and said: «It is not easy to walk up to... forty-fifth floor, but we shall make it easier. On... way to... room I shall tell you some jokes; then you, Andy, will sing us some songs; then you, Peter, will tell us some interesting stories.» So they began walking up to their room. Tom told them many jokes; Andy sang some songs.

At last they came to... thirty sixth floor. They were tired and decided to have... rest. «Well,» said Tom, «now it is your turn, Peter. After all... jokes, I would like to hear... sad story. Tell us... long and interesting story with...sad end.» «... story which I am going to tell you,» said Peter, «is sad enough. We left... key to our room in...hall.»

Образование множественного числа имен существительных.

Множественное число существительных (кроме тех, у которых основа оканчивается на -ch, -s, -ss, -sh, -х) образуется путем прибавления к основе окончания -s: a boy -- boys, a trick -- tricks, a pen --pens, a girl -- girls.

Множественное число существительных, основа которых оканчивается на -ch, -s, -ss, -sh, -x, а также существительных, имеющих, как правило, окончание -о, образуется путем прибавления к основе окончания -es; a bench -- benches, a bus- buses, a glass -- glasses, a box -- boxes, a potato -- potatoes.

Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -у (после согласной) во множественном числе имеют окончание -ies: an army -- armies, a fly -- flies, a lady -- ladies. Конечное f(-fe), как правило, меняется на -ves:

a calf -- calves, a knife -- knives, a shelf -- shelves,

a wife -- wives (но: roof -- roofs).

Ряд существительных образует множественное число не по общим правилам:

а) изменяется корневая гласная:

a man - men, a woman - women, a foot - feet, a tooth - teeth, a goose - geese, a mouse - mice

б) добавляется окончание -en:

an ox -- oxen. a child -- children.

в) заимствуются формы единственного и множественного числа из латинского и греческого языков:

a formula - formulae (formulas), a crisis - crises, a criterion - criteria, an index - indices, a bacterium -- bacteria, an axis -- axes

В английском языке есть существительные, которые имеют одну (общую) форму для единственного и множественного числа: a deer (олень) - deer (олени), a sheep (овца) - sheep (овцы), a fish рыба) - fish (рыбы), a swine (свинья) - swine (свиньи).

Некоторые существительные имеют только единственное число: advice, information, news. knowledge, furniture, luggage.

Некоторые - только множественное число, clothes, riches, damages, goods, looks, manners, thanks.

Запомните:

this is -- these are

that is --- those are

there is -- there are

it is -- they are

Exercise 1.7. Decide which of the following nouns are countable (исчисляемые) or uncountable (неисчисляемые):

Time, water, machine, music, snow, word, coffee, money, idea, family, darkness, knowledge, sea hour. tree, silver, meat, happiness, information, speed, book, news, house, friend, milk, student, pen, paper, clothes picture, air, goods.

Exercise 1.8. Read and translate the sentences. Decide which of the underlined nouns (существительных) are countable or uncountable and explain why:

1. We have read all the official papers. There were some sheets of paper on the table. 2.Two coffees, please. I like strong coffee. 3. Give me two glasses. Are they made of glass or plastics? 4. Many thousands of bricks are produced at the factory. Our school is built of brick.

Exercise 1.9. Write down the following nouns in plural.

Box, sheep, place, library, photo, mouse, lady, glass, bush, dress, country, bus, party, wife, day, knife, knowledge, month, pen, hero, goose, company, life, deer, tomato, city, man, play, news, child, fruit, shelf, leaf, foot, fish, woman, money, information.

Exercise 1.10. Write down the following nouns in plural:

A star, a mountain, a tree, a waiter, the queen, a man, a woman, an eye, a shelf, a box, a city, a boy, a goose, a watch, a mouse, a dress, a toy, a sheep, a tooth, a child, an ox, a deer, a life, a tomato.

Exercise 1.11. Write down the following nouns in plural:

this man, that match, this tea-cup, this egg, that wall, that picture, this foot, that mountain, this lady, that window, this knife

Exercise 1.12. Put the following sentences in plural and write them down. Pay attention to the changes of the verb (глагол):

1. A new house is in our street. 2. This story is very interesting. 3. There was a woman, a man, a boy and a girl in the room. 4. In the farm-yard we could see an ox, a sheep, a cow and a goose. 5. Put this knife on that table. 6. Why don't you eat this potato? 7. This strawberry is still green. 8. A yellow leaf has fallen to the ground. 9. Can you see a bird in that tree? 10. Does your tooth still ache? 11. I held up my foot to the fire to warm it. 12. His child studies very well. 13. Is this worker an Englishman or a German? -- He is a Frenchman. 14. What is that child's name? 15. The cat has caught a mouse. 16. I have hurt my foot. 17. The wolf has been shot. 18. He keeps his toy in a box. 19. This man works at our office.

Exercise 1.13. Put the following sentences in plural and write them down. Pay attention to the changes of the verb:

1. This is my stocking. 2. He has a new suit. 3. This metal is very hard. 4. That ship is a Russian one. 5. I heard her voice. 6. His dog does not like bread. 7. The plate was on the table. 8. This town is very large. 9. I was talking to her at the tram stop yesterday. 10. Is that girl your sister? 11. I shall give you my book. 12. This story will be a good one. 13. Is this a good match? 14. The boy put his book on the desk. 15. She took off her hat. 16. That house is new. 17. The pupil put his book into the bag. 18. Is this student coming with us, too? 19. The woman didn't say anything. 20. Does she speak English?

Притяжательный падеж существительных

Examples: The child's toys -- The children's toys

Vocabulary:

housing -- жилье

opportunity -- возможность

dormitory, students hostel -- студенческое общежитие

to rent a flat (an apartment) -- снимать квартиру

to share -- делить(-ся)

week-days -- будние дни

alarm clock -- будильник

usually -- обычно

roommate -- сосед по комнате

rather -- довольно

to turn on (off) -- включать, выключать

enough -- достаточно

completely -- полностью, совершенно

to get dressed -- одеваться

to serve -- обслуживать

make up -- макияж

while -- пока, в то время как

to prefer -- предпочитать

healthy -- здоровый, полезный

to miss -- пропускать

successfully -- успешно

boring -- скучный

to gossip -- сплетничать

have to be back -- должны вернуться

break -- перерыв

report -- доклад

share -- делиться

canteen -- столовая

ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY

tape-recorder -- магнитофон

to brush one's hair -- причесывать волосы

it takes me... minutes to get to the Academy by bus --у меня уходит... минут, чтобы добраться до Академии на автобусе

cloackroom -- гардероб

upstairs -- наверху, вверх по лестнице

downstairs -- внизу, вниз по лестнице

to miss classes -- пропускать занятия

to pass exams -- сдать экзамены

to do well -- делать успехи, хорошо учиться

for the first (second) course -- на первое (второе) блюдо

to get ready -- подготовиться

as a rule -- как правило

to get tired -- устать

to take pleasure in -- получать удовольствие от...

to look forward to -- ждать с нетерпением

acquaintance -- знакомый

Exercise 2.1. Write one sentence with each word:

1. Usual -- usually -- as usual -- unusual

2. occasion -- occasional -- occasionally

3. to end -- to finish -- to be over

4. to start -- to begin -- to get ready for

5. on Sunday -- at five o'clock -- in cafeteria...

6. full time student -- part time student

7. freshman -- second year student -- school graduate

Exercise 2.2. Translate into English:

* быть студентом (студенткой) дневного отделения

* рассказать вам о...

* в будние дни

* просыпаться -- вставать в 7 часов утра

* включать магнитофон

* принимать душ

* чистить зубы

* одеваться

* слушать последние новости

* У меня уходит час, чтобы добраться до института

* ездить на автобусе (троллейбусе, трамвае)

* опаздывать на занятия

* заканчиваться в 15:50 вечера

* пропускать занятия

* сдать экзамены успешно

* время от времени

* подготовиться к занятиям

* как правило

* устать

* приходить домой

* быть дома

* иметь свободное время

Exercise 2.3. Tell about your typical day. The following questions will help you:

1. Do you get up early?

2. Is it easy for you to get up early?

3. Do you wake up yourself or does your alarm-clock wake you up?

4. Do you do your morning exercises?

5. What do you prefer: a hot or a cold shower in the morning?

6. How long does it take you to get dressed?

7. What do you usually have for breakfast?

8. Some people look through newspapers or listen to the latest news on the radio while having breakfast. What about you?

9. When do you usually leave your house?

10. Do you work? If yes, where?

11. How long does it take you to get to your Academy (Institute)?

12. Do you go there by bus/trolley-bus or walk?

13. Where do you usually have lunch (dinner)?

14. What time do you come home?

15. How long does it take you to do your homework?

16. How do you usually spend your evenings?

17. Do you have a lot of free time?

18. Do you play any musical instrument?

19. Are you fond of listening to music?

20. What kind of music do you prefer?

21. Do you collect anything (stamps, records, postcards, coins, matchboxes, etc.)?

22. What time do you usually go to bed?

Exercise 2.4. Tell about:

a) the working-day of your father or mother

b) the usual weekend at home

c) the best day of your life

d) a holiday spent with your friends or relatives (New Year's day, Christmas, 8th of March)

e) the working day of famous people (writers, artists, politicians etc.)

My name is Nick Price. I am a freshman at MIT -- Massachusetts Institute of Technology. I am not from Boston myself. I was born in Vermilion, Ohio, not far from Cleveland.

My family is not very rich, that is why I can't afford to live on a campus. But it is a rule, that every student must reside during his or her freshman year on the campus. To cover some of the expenses I've got to work part-time on the campus. I work in cafeteria.

Now let me tell you about my usual working day. I wake up at seven in the morning. My alarm-clock radio is tuned to my favourite radio station. My roommate Todd Hall is a football player. He jogs every morning at 6:30. He is still out jogging when I get up. First I take a cold shower and brush my teeth. Then I dress myself up and rush to work -- to the University cafeteria. I wash dishes and clean the tables. It is not a very interesting job, I know that, but soon I'll be a cook and will earn more. My boss Suzie is very strict but very nice when you do your job properly.

My first class starts at 11:15. The professor is never late for his classes. The lecture hall we sit in has about 100 seats. MIT is a very big school. I think that it is the best school of science and technology in the US.

At 2:00 p.m. I eat lunch at school cafeteria. The food is free for me because I work there. I am a vegetarian and I don't like drinks with caffeine. I prefer cool filtered water or juice.

Then I have two more classes. I need to go to the library right after the classes to do my homework. There I meet my friends and we talk a lot. Twice a week I play basketball with my friends. I swim once a week. Usually after library we go out to the cafe or just sit outside and talk.

I have dinner at 6:00 p.m. at the little Chinese restaurant not too far from the dormitory or I cook myself in the kitchen in my dorm. My favourite food is salami pizza and potato salad.

After dinner I watch TV or play ping-pong with my friends. When it is Friday, we go to the football game.

I usually read before I go to bed. It calms me down after the long day. I guess, that's pretty much it for now. See you later!

General understanding:

1. Where does Nick Price study?

2. What year of study is he in?

3. Is Nick from Boston?

4. Is Nick's family a rich one?

5. What is Nick's job? Do you think he enjoys it?

6. Is Massachusetts Institute of Technology a good school?

7. Where does Nick spend his evenings?

8. What does Nick usually do on Friday nights?

GRAMMAR

§ 1. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

1. Односложные (и некоторые двусложные) прилагательные и наречия образуют сравнительную степень путем прибавления суффикса -еr, превосходную -- путем прибавления суффикса -est:

high -- higher -- the highest (высокий -- выше -- самый высокий),

big -- bigger -- the biggest (большой -- больше -- самый большой).

Прилагательные и наречия, оканчивающиеся на -у, меняют окончание на -ier и -iest.

Конечная согласная у односложных прилагательных и наречий удваивается.

Например: happy -- happier -- the happiest. hot -- hotter -- the hottest

2. Многосложные прилагательные и наречия, оканчивающиеся на -1у, образуют

сравнительную степень путем прибавления слов more (less),

превосходную -- путем прибавления слов most (least)

interesting -- more (less) interesting -- most (least) interesting,

easily -- more (less) easily -- most (least) easily.

3. Ряд прилагательных и наречий являются исключениями:

good, well (хороший, хорошо) -- better (лучше) -- the best (самый хороший),

bad (плохой) -- worse (хуже) -- the worst (самый плохой)

little (маленький, мало) -- less (меньше) -- the least (наименьший)

many (much) -- more -- the most

far -- farther (further) -- the farthest (furthest)

Существительное, определяемое прилагательным в превосходной степени, всегда имеет определенный артикль: the largest building.

Exercise 2.5. Make up comparative and superlative forms of the listed below adjectives (прилагательные) and adverbs (наречия):

1. large, tall, long, easy, hot, big, cold, nice, bad, strong, short, wide, good, happy, high, low, busy, well, little, many, far.

2. wonderful, necessary, quickly, interesting, comfortable, popular, active, famous, pleasant, beautiful, slowly, clearly.

Exercise 2.6. Open the brackets using the right form of adjectives:

1. Winter is (cold) season of the year. 2. Moscow is (large) than St. Petersburg. 3. Which is (long) day of the year? 4. The Alps are (high) mountains in Europe. 5. Even (long) day has an end. 6. It is one of (important) questions of our conference. 7. Your English is (good) now. 8. Who knows him (well) than you? 9. We have (little) interest in this work than you. 10. Health is (good) than wealth. 11. Your son worked (well) of all. 12. Today you worked (slowly) than usually.

Exercise 2.7. Translate the sentences:

1. This book is not so interesting as that one. 2. The Baltic Sea is not so warm as the Black Sea. 3. The more you read, the more you know. 4. My brother is not as tall as you are. 5. The earlier you get up, the more you can do. 6. Today the wind is as strong as it was yesterday. 7. Your room is as light as mine. 8. John knows Russian as well as English. 9. Mary is not so lazy as her brother. 10. The longer the night is, the shorter the day. 11. The less people think, the more they talk.

Exercise 2.8. Translate the sentences:

1. Лев Толстой -- один из самых популярных писателей в мире.

2. Этот роман интереснее, чем тот.

3. Ваш дом выше нашего? Нет, он такой же высокий, как и ваш.

4. Это -- самая прекрасная картина во всей коллекции.

5. Население Российской Федерации больше населения Великобритании.

6. Он выполнил работу быстрее, чем вы.

7. Австралия -- одна из наименее населенных стран.

8. Его работа лучше вашей, но работа Анны -- самая лучшая.

9. Россия -- самая большая страна в мире.

10. Я живу не так далеко от института, как мой друг.

11. В июле столько же дней, сколько и в августе.

12. Самолет быстрее, чем поезд.

§ 2. Порядок слов в английском предложении

В английском предложении каждый член предложения, как правило, имеет свое определенное место. Так, в простом распространенном повествовательном предложении на первом месте стоит

1) подлежащее, за ним следует

2) сказуемое, далее идет

3) дополнение (беспредложное, прямое, предложное) и затем

4) обстоятельства (образа действия, места, времени).

Например: 1) I 2) gave 3) my brother 3) a book 4) yesterday.

Exercise 2.9. Build the sentences from the words:

a) Is, best, she, friend, my.

b) Learn, different, students, our, subjects.

c) The, is, Russia, the, in, country, largest, world.

d) In, the, we, city, live, a, flat, in, of, center, the.

e) Reading, is, my, of, best, son's, fond, friend.

§ 3. Основные типы вопросов, используемые в английском языке

1. Общий вопрос

Общий вопрос относится ко всему предложению в целом, и ответом на него будут слова yes или по:

Do you like ice-cream? -- Yes, I do.

Can you speak English? -- Yes, I can.

Are you a schoolboy? -- No, I am not.

Have you bought a text book? -- Yes, I have.

Порядок слов в общем вопросе

1) вспомогательный глагол (модальный, глагол-связка),

2) подлежащее (существительное или местоимение),

3) смысловой глагол (или дополнение).

2. Специальный вопрос

Специальный вопрос относится к какому-нибудь члену предложения или их группе и требует конкретного ответа:

What is your name? -- My name is Peter.

Where do you live? -- I live in Rostov.

Who wants to go to the cinema? Who lives in this house?

3. Альтернативный вопрос

Альтернативный вопрос предполагает выбор из двух возможностей:

Do you like coffee or tea? -- Вы любите кофе или чай?

Альтернативный вопрос начинается как общий вопрос, затем следует разделительный союз or и вторая часть вопроса.

4. Разделительный вопрос (Tail Question)

Разделительный вопрос состоит из двух частей. Первая часть -- это повествовательное предложение (утвердительное или отрицательное), вторая, отделенная запятой от первой -- краткий вопрос (tail -- «хвостик»):

You are a pupil, aren't you? -- Вы ученик, не правда ли?

Если в повествовательной части разделительного вопроса содержится утверждение, то во второй -- отрицание. Если в повествовательной части -- отрицание, то во второй части, как правило, -- утверждение:

You are a student, aren't you?

You don't go to school every day, do you?

Exercise 2.10. Read and translate into English:

1. She is a student.

-- Is she a student?

-- Yes, she is. / No, she isn't.

2. He speaks English well.

-- Does he speak English well?

-- Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.

3. They have many books.

-- Have they many books?

-- Yes, they have. / No, they haven't.

4. The weather was fine yesterday.

-- Was the weather fine yesterday?

-- Yes, it was. / No, it wasn't.

5. We saw a new film yesterday.

-- Did we see a new film yesterday?

-- Yes, we did. / No, we didn't.

6. You can read well.

-- Can you read well?

-- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.

7. There will be five lessons tomorrow.

-- Will there be five lessons tomorrow?

--Yes, there will. / No, there will not (won't).

Exercise 2.11. Put the questions to the following sentences:

1. общие

2. специальные

3. разделительные

1. There is a book on the table. 2. He must work hard today. 3. We are leaving for Moscow next week. 4. We were reading the whole evening. 5. They don't go to work on Sunday. 6. It is not cold today. 7. Ann has already begun to read a new book. 8. We learn English at school. 9. They will show you how to get there. 10. They finished the translation before the end of the lesson. 11. I didn't feel well that evening. 12. It wasn't difficult to do this task.

Exercise 2.12. Read and translate the sentences:.

1. Our family lives in a three-room flat.

-- Does your family live in a three-room flat or in a house?

-- It lives in a three-room flat.

2. They went to the same school.

-- Did they go to the same school or to different schools?

-- They went to the same school.

3. He will read this book tomorrow.

-- Will he read this text tomorrow or next week?

-- He will read it tomorrow.

4. They are playing chess now.

-- Are they playing chess or cards now?

-- They are playing chess.

5. Our teacher has told us to write.

-- Has our teacher told us to write or to read?

-- He has told us to write.

Exercise 2.13. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Вам нравится больше английский язык или французский?

2. Он живет в Ростове или в области?

3. Она его младшая или старшая сестра?

4. Студенты уже сдали экзамены или нет?

5. Петровы поедут летом на юг или на север?

6. Ваш друг учится в академии или в университете?

7. Он знает ее лучше или вы?

Exercise 2.14. Write down alternative questions to the following sentences:

1. Our teacher knows several foreign languages. 2. He has graduated from our University last year. 3. We shall go to Samara next week. 4. They are working in our garden. 5. I have just read this book. 6. I took this book from my friend. 7. He likes reading books. 8. She has many relatives abroad. 9. They were in many countries. 10. Russia is the largest country in the world.

Give me something to read, please. I met him somewhere before.

В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях обычно используются местоимение any и его производные:

Have you seen him anywhere? Is there anything I can do for you?

В отрицательных предложениях используется либо местоимение any и его производные:

I cannot find this book anywhere.

либо отрицательное местоимение по

There is nobody in that room. There isn't anybody in that room.

Различия между местоимениями any и some -- в степени неопределенности, поэтому иногда местоимение any можно встретить и в утвердительных предложениях:

You can find this book anywhere. -- Эту книгу вы можете найти где угодно.

Exercise 3.5. Make 16 pronouns and translate them:

Образец: some + body = somebody -- кто-то, кто-нибудь

some body

any one

no thing

every where

Exercise 3.6. Insert somebody, anybody, nobody or everybody:

l. The question was so difficult that... could answer it. 2.... left his bag in our classroom yesterday. 3. Has... in this group got a dictionary? 4. I am afraid there is... in the office now. It is too late. 5.... knows that water is necessary for plants. 6. Is there... here who knows English? 7. You must find... who can help you. 6.... knew anything about our home task. 9.... can answer this question. It is very easy. 10. There is... in the next room. I don't know him. 11. Please tell us the story,... knows it. 12. Is there... in my group who lives in the hostel? 13. Has... here got a red pencil?

Exercise 3.7. Translate into English:

1. Тут есть кто-нибудь? 2. В саду никого нет. 3. В нашей комнате есть кто-нибудь? 4. В классе есть кто-то. 5. Там никого нет. 6. В саду есть кто-нибудь? 7. На столе есть что-нибудь? -- Нет, там ничего нет. 8. В сумке что-то есть. 9. В этой книге есть что-нибудь интересное? 10. На стене есть какие-нибудь картины? -- Да, там есть несколько. 11. В кабинете директора есть кто-нибудь? -- Нет, там никого нет. 12. В нашей библиотеке есть какие-то книги на английском языке. 13. В вашей библиотеке есть какие-нибудь книги на английском языке? 14. Мой друг не хочет мне ничего сказать. 15. Я хочу провести летние каникулы где-нибудь на берегу Черного моря. 16. Если вы голодны, поищите что-нибудь в холодильнике. 17. Расскажите нам все о вашем путешествии. 18. Никто нигде не помог ему.

Vocabulary:

to remind -- напоминать

to turn into -- прeвращаться (во что-либо)

blossom -- цвести

chemical substances -- химические вещества

iodine -- йод

chlorine -- хлор

bromine -- бром

sulphate сульфат

carbonates -- карбонаты

sodium -- натрий

potassium -- калий

to be stretched -- быть вытянутым

events -- события, мероприятия

«the Cradle of Mankind» -- «колыбель человечества»

B.C. (Before Christ) -- до н.э.

Asia Minor -- п-ов Малая Азия

camp -- лагерь

cave [keiv] -- пещера

Bronze era -- бронзовый век

pre-historic -- доисторический

grave structures -- могильники

dolmens -- дольмены

features -- особенности

to weigh -- весить

uncertain -- неопреленный

construct -- возводить, строить

attract -- привлекать

invader -- захватчик

trade-settlements -- торговые поселения, фактории

Byzantynne -- Византия

A.D. -- (Anno Domini) -- нашей эры (н.э.)

to conduct -- проводить

exit -- выход

peace treaty ['tri:ti] -- мирный договор

mouth of the river -- устье реки

weapon -- оружие

anchor -- якорь

cannon -- пушка

purpose -- цель

fortress -- форт, укрепление

in honour of emperess Alexandra -- в честь императрицы Александры

to be occupied -- быть занятым, заселенным

due to -- благодаря (кому-либо, чему-либо)

luxurious -- роскошный

irresistible -- неотразимый

ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY:

village -- село, деревня

cossack's settlement -- казачья станица

town -- небольшой город

suburbs -- пригороды

city -- крупный город

center of the region -- районный центр

capital of the republic -- столица республики

capital of the federal district -- столица федерального округа

ancient history -- древняя история

medieval history -- средневековая история

Dark Ages -- средние века

Tsarist's Russia -- царская Россия

Great October revolution -- Великая октябрьская революция

Great Patriotic War -- Великая Отечественная война

WWII (World War II) -- вторая мировая война

soviet times -- советские времена

former USSR -- бывший СССР

c) historical center -- исторический центр

cultural center -- культурный центр

trade center -- торговый центр

transport center -- транспортный центр

Exercise 4.1. Translate into English:

1. Мой родной город был основан во время царствования Николая I.

2. Первое укрепление на месте современного Сочи было названо в честь императрицы Александры.

3. Во время Великой отечественной войны немецкие войска дважды захватывали наш город.

4. Владимир -- один из древнейших русских городов.

5. Мягкий климат и плодородные земли всегда привлекали захватчиков на берега Кубани.

6. Великий русский изобретатель Владимир Комаров жил и работал в нашем городе.

7. Современный Новороссийск -- это крупнейший портовый город на побережье Черного моря.

8. Наш город является одновременно крупным индустриальным и историческим центром региона.

Exercise 4.2. Answer the following questions:

1. Do you study in your hometown or you just live here while studying?

2. Do you like the city where you study? Why and why not?

3. Do you know the history of your hometown?

4. When was your hometown founded?

5. Do you know any famous people who were born in your hometown?

6. What are the places of interest in your hometown?

7. What is your favourite place in your hometown?

Exercise 4.3. Derive the adjective (прилагательное) from the noun (существительное):

* history -- historical

* military --

* culture --

* science --

* industry --

* trade --

* agriculture --

* administration --

* politics --

Text B: «ROSTOV-ON-DON»

Rostov-on-Don, the capital of the Southern federal district and Rostov region, is a comparatively young city. Not so long ago Rostovites celebrated its 250th anniversary. The city was founded in 1749 when a custom-house on the Temernik river was set up. According to a legend, Tsar Peter the First tried the water from a spring when he stopped on the right bank of the Don on his way to Azov. He was so pleased with the taste of water that he called the spring «Bogaty istochnik» -- Rich spring. The name of the spring gave the name to the street. The water is being bottled now and sold all over the country.

But only years later, after the death of Tsar Peter I, under the rule of Katherine II a fortress was built here. The main purpose of the fortress was to support the customs effectively operating in this trade and transport active region. The fortress was named after Dimitry Rostovsky, the Archbishop of Rostov the Great. The town grew later on, round the walls of the fortress and it was also called «Rostov which lies on the river Don».

Rostov is situated on the right bank of the river Don, not far from the Sea of Azov. Due to its geographical position the city grew rapidly.

After the hard years of the Civil War Rostovites restored the ruined economy of the region.

During the World War II Rostov was occupied by the Germans twice. They destroyed almost all the city. Nowadays Rostov is the largest city in the South of the country. It's a big sea and river port and an important railway junction. Rostov is called «The Gateway to the Caucasus».

The main branch of industry is agricultural machine building. «Rostselmash» is a giant machine building plant producing a lot of agricultural machines. Factories of Rostov produce champagne, cigarettes, musical instruments which are well-known abroad. There is also a big helicopter plant in Rostov.

Rostov is the cultural centre of the Rostov region. There are many educational establishments in Rostov including the Rostov State University founded in Warsaw in 1815. There are six theatres in Rostov (Gorky Drama Theatre, Philharmonic, Puppet Theatre, Theatre of Musical Comedy, Theatre of Young Spectators and Musical Theatre).

There are two museums (Local Lore Museum, Fine Arts Museum), eight stadiums, several Palaces of Culture, a lot of cinemas, libraries, parks and gardens.

Rostov is famous for many prominent people who lived here.

The city is very green. There are a lot of parks in the city. In summer you can see a lot of people on the beach on the left bank of the Don river.

General understanding:

1. What is the status of Rostov-on-Don now?

2. Is Rostov-on-Don an old city?

3. What role did Peter the Great play in the history of Rostov-on-Don?

4. Why did Peter the Great call the spring «rich».

5. When was the first fortress built? How was it called?

GRAMMAR

§1. Местоимения little и few и местоименные выражения a little и a few.

Местоимение little и местоименное выражение a little употребляются с неисчисляемыми существительными, местоимение few и местоименное выражение a few -- с исчисляемыми:

Give me a little water, please. There is little milk in the bottle.

I have a few friends in Minsk I've got only few pencils in the box.

Местоимения few и little означают «мало», а местоименные выражения a few и a little -- «немного».

Much (много) употребляется с неисчисляемыми существительными, many (много) -- с исчисляемыми.

Exercise 4.4. Insert much, many, little, a little, few, a few:

1. I'd like to say... words about my travelling. 2. She gave him... water to wash his hands and face. 3. He had... English books at home, so he had to go to the library. 4. After the lesson everybody felt... tired. 5. Let's stay here... longer. I like it here. 6. There were... new words in the text and Peter spent... time learning them. 7. There was... sugar in the bowl, and we had to put... sugar there. 8. My mother knows German... and she can help you with the translation of this text. 10. When we walked... farther down the road we met another group of pupils. 11. Have you got... time before the lesson?

Exercise 4.5. Translate into English:

Много тетрадей, много молока, много воды, много дней, много газет, много мела, много снега, много лет, много картин, много музыки, много сахара, много чая, много лимонов, много мяса, много комнат, много учителей, много работы, много воздуха, много птиц, много машин.

Exercise 4.6. Insert much or many:

1. Please don't ask me... questions. 2. How... money have you got? 3.1 never eat... bread with soup. 4. Why did you eat so... ice-cream? 5. She wrote us... letters from the country. 6.... of these students don't like to look up words in the dictionary. 7.... in this work was too difficult for me. 8. He spent... time writing his composition in Literature. 9. There were... plates on the table. 10. Thank you very... ! 11.... of my friends are preparing for their entrance examinations now. 12. I don't like... sugar in my tea.

Exercise 4.7. Translate into English:

1. В стакане есть немного молока. 2. В тетради осталось мало чистых страниц. 3. У тебя много кофе? -- Нет, очень мало. 4. Немногие из англичан говорят по-русски. 5. У них здесь очень мало друзей. 6. У него очень мало времени для чтения. 7. У Петра много русских книг и мало английских книг. 8. У меня есть немного времени вечером, чтобы закончить эту работу. 9. Я провожу много времени в библиотеке, потому что я готовлюсь к экзаменам.

§2. Оборот there is / there are.

Оборот there is / there are служит для выражения наличия (отсутствия) какого-либо предмета в определенном месте или в определенное время. Формы прошедшего и будущего времени: there was, there were и there will be.

There are some pictures on the wall. На стене несколько картин.

There was nobody in the room. В комнате никого не было.

Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа существительного, следующего сразу за ним:

There is a chair and two armchairs in the room.

There are two armchairs and a chair in the room. Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is / there are строятся следующим образом

Общий вопрос: Is there anything in the bag? Will there be lessons tomorrow?

Специальный вопрос: What is there in the bag?

Разделительный вопрос. There are some pupils in the classroom, aren't there?

Exercise 4.8. Insert to be in the right form:

1.There... a telegram on the table. 2.... there any telegrams from Moscow? Yes, there... some. 3.... there... a flight for Moscow tomorrow? Yes, there.... 4. There... much snow last winter. 5.There... a lot of stars and planets in space. 6.... there... a lift in your future house? Yes, there....... 7. Some years ago there... many old houses in our street. 8.... there any lectures yesterday? No, there... 9.... there a lamp over the table? Yes, there.... 10.... there any interesting stories in this book? 11.... there a test last lesson? No, there.... 12. Soon there...... a new film on.

Exercise 4.9. Translate the following sentences and put general questions to them:

1. There are some new pupils in our group. 2. There is no book on the table. 3. There were many old houses in our street. 4. There are 4 seasons in a year. 5. There will be a conference next week. 6. There are many large cities in our country. 7. There was nobody in the room. 8. There are 7 days in a week. 9. There is something on the shelf. 10. There are many places of interest in London. 11. There are many beautiful flowers in our garden. 12. There was much work last week.

Exercise 4.10. Rewrite the following sentences in Past Indefinite and Future Indefinite, translate them into Russian:

1. There is much snow in winter. 2. There are 4 theatres in our city. 3. There is no lift in our house. 4. There are many new books in our library. 5. There is little milk in the bottle. 6. There are 3 rooms in our flat. 7. There is a map on the wall.

One of the best-known sections of Moscow is the Kitaigorod (Chinese City), the ancient commercial quarter lying to the east of the Kremlin. This section is now the site of many government office buildings. Other points of interest in Moscow include the Central Lenin Stadium, comprising about 130 buildings for various sports and the tall Ostankino TV tower, which contains a revolving restaurant and an observation platform.

General understanding:

1. Where is Moscow located?

2. Is Moscow a port city?

3. How is Moscow divided into sections?

4. What is known about Moscow Underground system?

5. What are the places of interest in Moscow?

6. Why is the Kremlin the most important place of interest for tourists?

7. What Russian Orthodox cathedrals are situated inside the Kremlin?

8. What is Palace of Congresses used for at present time?

Exercise 5.3. Where are these places of interest situated?

* Granovitaya Palace

* Terem

* the Red Square

* the Kremlin

* the Great Kremlin Palace

* the Cathedral of the Assumption

* the Archangel Cathedral

* the Cathedral of the Annunciation

* the Tower of Ivan the Great

* the Tsar's Bell

* the Palace of Congresses

* St Basil's Cathedral

* the Central Lenin Stadium

Exercise 5.4. Please, write a short story about your visit to Moscow. The following questions will certainly help you:

1) Have you ever been to Moscow?

2) If yes, when was it?

3) Was it a business trip or a pleasure tour?

4) Did you fly, take a bus or a train to Moscow?

5) What railway station (airport) did you arrive at?

6) What was your first impression of Moscow?

7) What places of interest have you visited?

8) Where did you stay in Moscow?

9) How long did you stayed in Moscow?

10) Did you enjoy your visit to Moscow?

1. Peter and Ann (go) away five minutes ago. 2. I (write) the letter but I (not send) it. 3. He just (go) away. 4. She already (answer) the letter. 5. She (answer) it on Tuesday. 6. I just (tell) you the answer. 7. I (read) that book in my summer holidays. 8. The greengrocer (sell) now all his vegetables. 9. He (sell) all of them half an hour ago. 10. I (not see) him for three years. I (be) glad to see him again some time. 11. What you (do)? I (copy) the text from the text-book now. 12. He (go) to Moscow next week? 13. He (not smoke) for a month. He is trying to give it up. 14. When he (arrive)? -- He (arrive) at 2:00. 15. You (switch off) the light before you left the house? 16. I (read) these books when I was at school. I (like) them very much. 17. I can't go out because I (not finish) my work. 18. I already (tell) you the answer yesterday. 19. What you (do) tomorrow in the morning? 20. I (not meet) him last week. 21. I usually (leave) home at seven and (get) here at twelve. 22. Here is your watch. I just (find) it. 23. You (not have) your breakfast yet?

Exercise 5.8. Translate into English. Pay attention to the Tense used:

1. Я никогда об этом не слышал. 2. Мальчику только четыре года, но он уже научился читать. 3. Вы уже переехали на новую квартиру? 4. Вы сделали много ошибок в диктанте. 5. Вы когда-нибудь видели этого писателя? 6. В этом месяце я прочитал две новых книги. 7. Мой приятель уехал в Киев неделю назад и еще не писал мне. 8. Я не видел своего брата за последнее время. 9. Вы читали сегодня в газете статью о нашем новом театре? 10. Вы были когда-нибудь в Лондоне? -- Нет, я поеду туда в этом году. 11. Вы уже прочитали эту книгу? -- Как она вам понравилась? 12. Я хотел посмотреть этот фильм на прошлой неделе, но смог посмотреть его только вчера. 13. В этом году я собираюсь поступать в институт. 14. Ваш сын уже окончил институт? 15. Его дочь окончила школу в прошлом году.

Exercise 5.9. Translate into English:

1. Он писал письмо, когда я пришел к нему. 2. Он делал свою работу, пока его братья играли в футбол. 3. Я упал, когда бежал за автобусом. 4. Мы делали уроки, когда пошел дождь. 5. Когда учитель давал урок, новая ученица вошла в класс. 6. Когда зазвонил телефон, я работал в саду. 7. Я увидел своих одноклассников, когда я шел по улице. 8. Начался дождь, когда мы наблюдали за игрой.

Exercise 5.10. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form. Use Past Tenses:

1. When I (arrive) the lecture already (start). 2. Peter (sit) in a dark room with a book. I told him that he (read) in very bad light. 3. Mother (make) a cake when the light (go) out. She had to finish it in the dark. 4. When I arrived Jenny (leave), so we only had time for a few words. 5. John (have) a bath when the phone rang. He (get) out of the bath and (go) to answer it. 6. When we (come) to the airport, the plane already (land). 7. He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction. 8. You looked very busy when I saw you last night. What you (do)? 9. I (call) Paul at 7.00 but it wasn't necessary because he already (get) up. 10. When I (see) him he (cross) the street. 11. While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. 12. Ann said that she (be) on holiday. I (say) that I (hope) that she (enjoy) herself. 13. When I (look) through your books I (notice) that you (have) a copy of Jack London. 14. She said that she (not like) her present flat and (try) to find another. 15. When Ann (finish) her homework she (turn) on TV.

Exercise 5.11. Define the Tense and translate into English:

1. Вчера в 9 часов вечера я смотрел телевизор. 2. Она сказала, что еще не выполнила домашнее Exercise. 3. Когда пришел мой друг, я еще не закончил завтракать. 4. Когда я встретил ее впервые, она работала в школе. 5. Все студенты выполнили Exercise правильно после того, как преподаватель рассказал им, как его делать. 6. Когда мы вышли на улицу, ярко светило солнце. 7. Мой друг сказал, что его брат уже приехал. 8. Я читал книгу, когда услышал телефонный звонок. 9. После того, как врач осмотрел больного, он поговорил с его родственниками. 10. Когда мы пришли на остановку, автобус уже ушел. 11. Он смотрел телевизор, когда пришел его друг. 12. Почтальон обычно приходит в девять часов утра. Сейчас уже половина десятого, а он все еще не пришел. 13. Каждый вечер я смотрю телевизор. 14. Служащие заканчивают работу в шесть часов вечера. 15. Разве она не знала об этом? 16. Разве вы не видели этот фильм? 17. Она еще не брала своего маленького сына в театр, но уже водила его в кино в первый раз несколько дней назад. 18. Он обычно очень внимательно слушает учителя, но сейчас он не слушает, у него болит голова. 19. Я не играл в футбол с прошлого года. 20. Маленькая девочка часто помогает своей матери. 21. Автор еще молодой человек. Он написал свою первую книгу в 1989 году. 22. Сейчас 8 часов утра и ребенок уже проснулся. Вчера утром он проснулся раньше. 23. В школе он играл в футбол.

Exercise 5.12. Put in the appropriate words from the list:

... I go to the Institute by bus.

I do my morning exercises...

We shall have invited you...

Who has seen him...?

He had worked here...

... the plant was producing new machines.

We have... done our work.

What are you doing...?

He was going home...

Will you have read the book...?

Did you see them...?

We translated this text....

before the Institute

by Tuesday

during October

every day

just

last week

now

recently

usually

when we met

when he comes home

already

Exercise 5.13. Change the sentences into questions as in the example. Answer the questions.

Example: He can play chess. -- Can't he play chess? -- Yes, he can. / No, he can't.

1. They left for Moscow.

2. He has finished his work.

3. She will visit us on Monday.

4. She has many relatives.

5. His father works here.

6. You know his address.

7. We shall go home together.

8. They are at home.

9. I am listening to you.

10. His friends were working in the garden.

11. You have done the task.

Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles. It comprises, together with numerous smaller islands, England and Scotland, and the principality of Wales. Northern Ireland, also known as Ulster, occupies the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland.

The United Kingdom is bordered to the south by the English Channel, which separates it from continental Europe, to the east by the North Sea, and to the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The only land border is between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242 sq.km. The capital and largest city is London.

The names «United Kingdom», «Great Britain», and «England» are often used interchangeably. The use of «Great Britain», often shortened to «Britain», to describe the whole kingdom is common and widely accepted, although strictly it does not include Northern Ireland.

However, the use of «England» to mean the «United Kingdom» is not acceptable to members of the other constituent countries, especially the Scots and the Welsh.

England and Wales were united administratively, politically, and legally by 1543. The crowns of England and Scotland were united in 1603, but the two countries remained separate political entities until the 1707 Act of Union, which formed the Kingdom of Great Britain with a single legislature. From 1801, when Great Britain and Ireland were united, until the formal establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, the kingdom was officially named the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Hong Kong, which has 200,000 population, was returned to China in 1997.

The mainland of the island of Great Britain is 974 km at its longest and 531 km at its widest; however, the highly indented nature of the island's coastline means that nowhere is more than about 120 km from the sea.

The climate of the United Kingdom is mild relative to its latitude, which is the same as that of Labrador in Canada. The mildness is an effect of the warm Gulf Stream. This current brings the prevailing south-west winds that moderate winter temperatures and bring the depressions which have the main day-to-day influence on the weather. The western side of the United Kingdom tends to be warmer than the eastern; the south is warmer than the north. The mean annual temperature is 6°C in the far north of Scotland; 11С in the south-west of England. Winter temperatures seldom are below -10°C and summer temperatures rarely higher than 32°C. The sea winds also bring plenty of moisture; average annual precipitation is more than 1,000 mm.

Rain tends to fall throughout the year, frequently turning to snow in the winter, especially in Scotland, the mountains of Wales, and northern England. The western side of Britain is much wetter than the eastern: average rainfall varies is from 5,000 mm in the western Highlands of Scotland, to less than 500 mm in parts of East Anglia in England.

The population of United Kingdom is more than 56 mln people, but it is one of the world's leading commercial and industrialized nations. In terms of gross national product (GNP) it ranks fifth in the world, with Italy, after the United States, Japan, Germany, and France.

Vocabulary:

island nation -- островное государство

constitutional monarchy -- конституционная монархия

European Union -- Европейский союз

to comprise -- включать

numerous -- многочисленные

principality -- княжество

North Sea -- Северное море

interchangeably -- взаимозаменяемо

to accept -- принимать, допускать

strictly -- строго, зд. строго говоря

include -- включать

constituent -- составляющий

administratively -- административно

entities -- зд. субъекты

single -- зд. единая

indented -- зд. изрезанная

latitude -- широта геогр.

prevailing -- преобладающий

moderate -- умеренный

depressions -- зд. циклоны

mean -- средний

throughout -- на всем протяжении

average annual precipitation -- среднегодовое количество осадков

in terms of -- говоря (о чем-либо)

GNP (Gross National Product) -- валовой национальный продукт.

Exercise 6.1. Translate into English.

1. Официальное название Великобритании -- Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии.

2. Соединенное королевство является членом Европейского союза и конституционной монархией.

3. Северная Ирландия занимает северо-восточную часть острова Ирландия.

4. Пролив Ла-Манш отделяет Соединенное Королевство от континентальной Европы.

Exercise 6.2. Use the following phrases and word combinations to retell the text:

1. As I understood from the text...

2. According to the text...

3. According to the author...

4. As it is described in the text...

5. As it is said in the text...

6. As the author puts it...

7. According to the figures (data, information, opinions) from the text...

Exercise 6.3. Discuss the following statements. Use the following phrases to express your opinion:

1. It seems to me (that)...

2. I would like to say that...

3. As I see it...

4. I think that...

5. I guess...

6. I suppose...

7. I (strongly) believe that...

8. I am (absolutely) sure that...

Statement A: The United Kingdom is a small country. It is one of the leading countries now because it had many rich colonies in the past.

Statement B: UK will loose Northern Ireland soon and Wales and Scotland later, like it lost Hong Kong in 1997, because of the differences in languages, culture and history.

Statement C: British people don't travel much because they live not too far from the sea (ocean).

Exercise 6.4. Which events in the modern history of Great Britain had an impact on world science and technology. Choose five the most important and briefly describe them.

Exercise 6.5. What inventions in UK made life more convenient and safer? What inventions have become dangerous for the mankind?

Exercise 6.6. Use the information below to be able to make a report on the following:

1) Land, 2) Climate, 3) Population, 4) Ethnic groups, 5) Economy.

ECONOMY

Gross Domestic Product

US$1,023,900,000,000 (1994)

Chief Economic Products

Agriculture

Wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, oilseed rape, livestock, animal products.

Fishing

Mackerel, herring, cod, plaice

Mining

Coal, limestone, petroleum and natural gas.

Manufacturing

Machinery and transport equipment, food products, chemical products, minerals and metal products.

Employment Statistics

58% Trade and Services

23% Manufacturing and Industry

16% Business and Finance

2% Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing

1 % Military and Defense

Major Exports

Industrial and electrical machinery, automatic data processing equipment, road vehicles, petroleum.

Major Imports

Road vehicles, industrial and electrical machinery, automatic data processing equipment, petroleum, paper and paperboard, textiles, food.

Major Trading Partners

Germany, the United States, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Japan

Text B: "HISTORY OF LONDON"

The Romans were the first to settle and occupy the Celtic fortress of Londinium. Construction of a bridge in 100 A.D. made London an important junction: it soon became a busy commercial and administrative settlement, and in the 2nd century A.D. a wall was built round the city.

The Roman Empire fell in the 5th century. London have maintained its trading activity. In the 9th century Danish invaders destroyed much of the city. They were followed by the Saxons led by King Alfred the Great, who entered the city in 886. The Danes remained a powerful force in England, however, and it was not until the reign of Edward the Confessor, which began in 1042, that civic stability was re-established, to be cemented by the Norman Conquest in 1066.

William the Conqueror centred his power at the Tower of London, and his White Tower is still the heart of this impressive monument.

The City soon united its economic power with political independence. Late in the 12th century it elected its own Lord Mayor. From 1351 it elected its own council, and by the end of the 14th century the reigning sovereign could not enter the City without permission.

In the reign of Elizabeth I had the arts a renaissance with such great dramatists as Shakespeare, Marlowe, and Ben Jonson.

In 1665, London had been devastated first by the Great Plague, and then by the Fire of London, which destroyed most of the city the following year. During the reconstruction of the city, following the original street pattern, the architect Sir Christopher Wren was given responsibility for the design of a number of State-funded buildings, including St. Paul's Cathedral.

The western part of London was developed under the Hanoverian Kings: great squares were laid out such as those of Grosvenor, Cavendish, Berkeley, and Hanover, and more bridges were built across the river. Public services were improved, such as the water supply and sewerage systems, and the streets were paved.

In the 19th century London's population began to rise still more rapidly: it increased sixfold over the century as a whole, thanks to influx from all over the British Isles, from Britain's colonies, and from continental Europe. The Industrial Revolution was creating huge numbers of jobs, but never enough to satisfy the hopes of all the poor people who came to the capital. The novels of Charles Dickens tell us about the social problems of that period.

The First World War had little effect on London, but the Depression that followed in the late 1920s and early 1930s hit the whole country, including the capital. There were hunger marches and riots. London was to pay far more dearly during World War II. The intensive bombing of London (The Blitz) in 1940-1941 took the lives of 10,000 people and left 17,000 injured. Countless historic buildings were damaged, including the Houses of Parliament.

After the war London was to re-emerge as a radically different city. The docks had been so severely damaged that reconstruction, a very expensive process, was not reasonable. By the end of the 1950s most of the war damage had been repaired. New skyscrapers were built, outdoing each other in height and spectacular design. The 30-storey Post Office Tower was built in 1965. It is 189 m high. Other significant post-war developments include the 183 m National Westminster Bank Building (1979); and Britain's highest building, the 244 m Canary Wharf Tower on the Docklands site, near to a new City airport.

General understanding:

1) What was the original name of London? Why was it so important for Romans?

2) Who was King Alfred the Great? When did he enter the city?

3) What is still the reminder of William the Conqueror?

4) How was Britain governed in 12th-14th centuries?

5) How did plague influence the history of London?

6) Who was in charge of the reconstruction of the city? Why did it need reconstruction?

7) Why did the population of London grow in the 19th century?

8) How did the First World War affect the history of London? What about the WWII?

9) How did London change after the WWII?

10) What are the names of skyscraper buildings in London?

Заменителями глагола must являются глаголы to have to и to be to, которые имеют некоторые дополнительные оттенками значения. Глагол to have to означает долженствование, вызванное обстоятельствами, вынужденную необходимость, в то время как глагол to be to -- долженствование, связанное с расписанием, планом или заранее сделанной договоренностью.

She had to stay at home. -- Она вынуждена была (ей пришлось) остаться дома.

The train was to arrive at 8 in the evening. -- Поезд должен был прибыть в 8 вечера. (По расписанию).

После модальных глаголов и некоторых их эквивалентов инфинитив употребляется без частицы to.

Заменителями модального глагола must являются также модальные глаголы ought to, should (в значении совета, рекомендации, упрека) и shall (испрашивается разрешение на совершение действия).

You should enter the Institute. Вам следует поступить в институт (рекомендация, совет),

В сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом глагол should выражает сожаление о невыполненном действии и переводится «следовало бы».

You should have helped them. Вам следовало бы помочь им. (Но вы не сделали этого).

Shall I read? Мне следует читать?

Модальный глагол would может иметь следующие

значения:

1) Вежливая просьба. Would you help me? He поможете ли вы мне?

2) Повторяемость действия в прошлом. Не would often help me. Он, бывало, часто помогал мне.

3) Стойкое нежелание совершать какие-либо действия. Не wouldn't listen to me. Он никак не хотел слушать меня. -

Модальный глагол need - «нужно, надо» употребляется, в основном, в отрицательных предложениях. You needn't do it now. Вам не нужно делать это сейчас.

Exercise 6.7. Analyse the use of modal verbs and translate the following sentences:

1. Who can answer my question?

2. Nobody could translate this text.

3. He ought to do this task at once.

4. Must I attend this meeting? -- No, you needn't.

5. You should have shown your notes to the teacher.

6. I asked him, but he wouldn't listen to me.

7. They should visit her, she is in the hospital.

8. Last summer we would often go to the country.

9. Your son can do this work himself.

10. Would you tell me the way to the station?

11. Your friend might have informed us.

12. May I leave for a while? -- Yes, you may.

13. She should be more attentive at the lessons.

14. You needn't come so early.

Exercise 6.8. Insert necessary modal verbs:

1. I... not go to the theatre with them last night, I... revise the grammar rules and the words for the test. 2. My friend lives a long way from his office and... get up early. 3. All of us... be in time for classes. 4. When my friend has his English, he... stay at the office after work. He (not)... stay at the office on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday and... get home early. 5.... you... work hard to do well in your English? 6. «... we discuss this question now?» «No, we... We... do it tomorrow afternoon.» 7. I'm glad you... come. 8. «... you... come and have dinner with us tomorrow? » «I'd love to. » 9. «Please send them this article.» «Oh,... I do it now?»

Exercise 6.9. Translate into English using modal verbs:

1. Мы обязательно должны писать диктант сегодня? -- Да, завтра мы будем учить новые слова. 2. Вчера мне пришлось ответить на все эти письма. 3. Виктора тоже пригласить на обед? -- Да, сделайте это, пожалуйста. 4. Вам пришлось остаться дома, потому что была плохая погода? 5. Вы обязательно должны прийти и посмотреть нашу новую квартиру.-- С удовольствием. 6. Я рад, что мне не пришлось заканчивать эту работу вчера. 7. Я не люблю поздно ложиться спать, но иногда мне приходится. 8. Можно мне пойти погулять сейчас? -- Нет, нельзя. Ты должен скоро ложиться спать. 9. Вам следует навестить вашего друга. Он вчера не пришел на урок. 10. Почему ты не пришла? -- Я не могла, я должна была помочь маме по дому. 11. Вам не нужно идти в библиотеку, у нас много книг дома, и вы можете взять любую, какую хотите.

В русском языке подобного звука нет. Звук [] - глухой. При его произнесении язык распластан и не напряжен, кончик языка образует узкую плоскую щель, неплотно прижимаясь к нему. В эту щель с силой проходит струя воздуха. Кончик языка не должен сильно выступать за верхние зубы или слишком плотно прижиматься к губам. Зубы должны быть обнажены, особенно нижние, так, чтобы нижняя губа не касалась верхних зубов и не приближалась к ним.

Согласный звук []

При произнесении звука [] органы речи занимают такое же положение, как и при произнесении звука []. Звук [] отличается от звука [] только звонкостью.

The climate conditions are rather different. The country is rich in natural and mineral resources: oil, gas, iron ore, coal and various metals.

The USA is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The main industrial branches are aircraft, rocket, automobile, electronics, radio-engineering and others.

Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations. The country population is over 250 min. The national symbol of the USA is its national flag «Stars and Stripes», having 50 white stars and 13 white and red stripes on its field, symbolising the number of the original and present day states.

Officially the country comprises 50 states and one District of Columbia. The states differ in size, population and economic development. Each state has its own capital. The capital of the USA is Washington. It is situated in the District of Columbia on the banks of the Potomac river and is named after the 1st US President - George Washington. There are many large cities in the country: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San-Francisco, Cleveland and some others.

The United States of America is a federal state, headed by the President. According to the US Constitution the powers of the Government are divided into 3 branches: legislative, executive and judicial.

The legislative power belongs to the Congress consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states while the House of Representatives -- the population. The executive power belongs to the President and his Administration (Vice-President and Cabinet of Ministers). The judicial power belongs to the Supreme Court and the system of Federal, state and district courts.

There are several political parties in the USA, the largest of them are the Republican (symbolised by a donkey) and the Democratic (symbolised by an elephant).

Vocabulary:

outlying areas -- внешние территории

District of Columbia -- округ Колумбия

to pass -- проходить через

frontier -- граница

to include -- включать

lowlands -- низины

peak -- вершина, пик

to be located -- располагаться

aircraft -- воздушное судно

to be made up from -- быть составленным, состоять из

stripe -- полоса

to symbolize -- символизировать

legislative power -- законодательная власть

to represent -- представлять

to belong -- принадлежать

donkey -- осел

ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY:

a) Great Plains -- Великие равнины

Appalachian mountains -- Аппалачские горы

Rocky mountains -- Скалистые горы

b) driveway -- проезд, выезд

sidewalk -- тротуар

drive-thru shop -- магазин, покупки в котором производятся через окно автомобиля

toll-road -- платная дорога (магистраль)

toll-free road -- бесплатная дорога

highway, parkway, thruway -- автомагистрали

turnpike -- главная магистраль

shopping-mall -- торговый центр

shopping plaza -- открытая торговая площадь, торговый ряд

free delivery -- бесплатная доставка

telephone order -- телефонный заказ

sale -- распродажа

discount -- скидка

seasons sale -- сезонная распродажа

clearance sale -- распродажа залежей товаров

discount coupon -- купон на скидку

free gift -- бесплатный подарок

Exercise 7.1. Translate into English:

1. США -- четвертая по размеру страна после России, Канады и Китая.

2. Внешние границы включают в себя Пуэрто Рико, Американское Самоа и Виргинские острова.

3.48 Штатов граничат на севере с Канадой, а на юге с Мексикой.

4. США имеет морскую границу с Российской Федерацией.

6. США омывается тремя океанами: Северным Ледовитым, Атлантическим и Тихим.

7. США -- высокоразвитое промышленное государство со множеством отраслей.

8. Аэрокосмическая и электронные отрасли промышленности США занимают особое место в экономике США.

9. Каждый штат имеет свою столицу.

More than 188 million motor vehicles were registered in the early 1990s. More than three-quarters were cars -- one for every two persons in the country. About one-fifth of the vehicles were lorries. Amtrak (the National Railroad Passenger Corporation), a federally subsidized concern, operates almost all the inter-city passenger trains in the United States; it carried more than 22 million passengers annually in the early 1990s.

General understanding:

1. What were the first routes in the US?

2. When was the first transcontinental railway constructed?

3. What was the length of railroads in 1917?

4. When did air transport start to gain importance?

5. How many motor vehicles were registered in US in early 90s?

6. What is Amtrak? How many passengers did it carry annually in the early 90s?

GRAMMAR

§1. Согласование времен в главном и придаточном предложениях

В английском сложноподчиненном предложении с придаточным дополнительным (вопрос «что?», «кто?», «чего?» и т. д.) соблюдаются правила согласования времен в главном и придаточном предложениях. Эти правила сводятся к следующему:

1. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, то глагол-сказуемое придаточного дополнительного предложения может стоять в любой временной форме, требуемой смыслом, например:

Не says you are right. -- Он говорит, что ты прав.

Не will tell why he was not at school yesterday. -- Он скажет, почему он не был в школе вчера.

2. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени (обычно -- в Past Indefinite), то и глагол дополнительного придаточного предложения должен стоять в одном из прошедших времен, в том числе -- в будущем с точки зрения прошедшего (Future in the Past).

He said he would not go to school tomorrow. -- Он сказал, что не пойдет в школу завтра.

При этом для обозначения действия, одновременного с действием, выраженным сказуемым главного предложения, употребляется Past Continuous (в русском языке -- настоящее время) или Past Indefinite.

Не told me he was preparing for his exam. -- Он сказал мне, что готовится к экзамену.

Для обозначения действия, предшествующего действию, выраженному сказуемым главного предложения, обычно употребляется Past Perfect. На русский язык глагол-сказуемое придаточного в данном случае переводится глаголом в прошедшем времени:

I didn't know he had left for Moscow. -- Я не знал, что он уехал в Москву.

При указании определенного времени (in 1980, yesterday) предшествующее время выражается при помощи Past Indefinite. Например: I thought you were born in 1980.

Для выражения будущего времени с точки зрения прошедшего времени употребляется форма Future in the Past где вспомогательный глагол will меняется на would, которая на русский язык переводится будущим временем:

Не told me that he would meet me at the Institute. -- Он сказал мне, что встретит меня в институте.

Exercise 7.2. Open the brackets. Pay attention to the Sequence of Tenses. Translate the sentences into English.

1. I did not know that you already (to read) this book 2. He did it better than I (to expect). 3. He said that the bus (to be) here soon. 4.1 think it all happened soon after the meeting (to end). 5. They decided that they (to bring) us all the necessary books. 6. He said that he (can) not do it without my help. 7. He asked the students whether they ever (to see) such a book. 8. It was decided that we (to start) our work at eight o'clock. 9. I told you that I (to leave) for Minsk on the following day. 10. The boy did not know that he already (receive) a good mark. 12. He wanted to know what (to become) of the books. 13. The visitors were told that the secretary just (to go out) and (to come back) in half an hour. 14. He said we (may) keep the books as long as we (to like). 15. We thought that he not (to be able) to make his work in time and therefore (to offer) to help her. 16. When I came they (to tell) me that he (to leave) half an hour before. 17. It was soon clear to the teacher that the control work (to be) a difficult one. 18. I decided that next year I (to go) to see my old friend again. I not (to see) him since he (to go) to Moscow.

§2. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice).

Формы страдательного залога английских глаголов образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия II (Participle II) смыслового глагола:

Глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге показывает, что подлежащее предложения является объектом действия со стороны другого лица или предмета.

Сравните: I bought a book. -- Я купил книгу.

The book was bought (by me). -- Книга была куплена (мной).

Глаголы в страдательном залоге на русский язык переводятся

1. глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия страдательного залога:

The letter was sent yesterday. Письмо было послано вчера.

2. глаголом с частицей -ся (-сь):

This problem was discussed last week. Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе.

3. неопределенно-личным оборотом, т. е. глаголом в действительном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали»:

English is spoken in many countries. На английском языке говорят во многих странах.

4. глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия):

Pupils are taught at school by the teachers. Учеников учат в школе учителя.

Exercise 7.3. Translate into English. Determine the Tense and Voice of the verb:

1. He left for Moscow. 2. The news will be of great interest. 3. They were speaking to him. 4. She studied many subjects. 5. He was much spoken about. 6. New subjects will be studied next term. 7. I am working now. 8. The text has already been written by them. 9. He studies at our school. 10. You are playing chess, aren't you? 11. The text is being translated at the moment. 12. Do you work at this lab? 13. When I saw him, he was going home. 14. They will have passed their exams by 3 o'clock. 15. This book was written by our teacher. 16. We shall be writing our tests at 10 o'clock. 17. The work will have been done when he comes. 18. We translated this text. 19. The letter had been written before we came. 20. We shall inform you. 21. These toys are made in Japan. 22. Does he work here? 23. Is he working now? 24. The conference will be held in May. 25. Rostov was named after Dmitry Rostovsky. 26.What are you doing here? 27. This work must be done at once. 28. You may take my book. 29. I am often asked at the lessons. 30. This article was being translated when I came.

Exercise 7.4. Translate into English. Determine the Tense and Voice of the verb:

l.They can be seen in our library every day. 2. The delegation is headed by the Prime Minister. 3. The child was often left home alone. 4. These houses were built last year. 5. All letters had been written when we came. 6. This film is much spoken about. 7. The machine is being tested now. 8. His work has been already finished. 9.1 was told to wait for him. 10.Your letter will have been answered by Monday. 11. The experiment was being carried out from ten till twelve o'clock. 12.Children under sixteen will not be admitted here.

Exercise 7.5. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form:

1. I'm not reading these books today. They (return) to the library. 2. The paintings (exhibit) till the end of the month. 3. Why your home task (not do)? 4. She was taken to the hospital today, and (operate) tomorrow morning. 5. This room (use) only on special occasions. 6. Bicycles must not (leave) here. 7. This newspaper (not read). The pages (not cut). 8. Dictionaries may not (use) at the examination. 9. Usually this street (sweep) every day, but it (not sweep) yesterday. 10. This book (leave) in the classroom yesterday; it (find) by the teacher. 11. Thousands of new houses (build) every year. 12. This room (not use) for a long time. 13. The children are very excited this morning. They (take) to the circus this afternoon.

Exercise 7.6. Translate into English:

1. Эта книга была прочитана всеми. 2. Письмо будет отправлено завтра. 3. Ее часто спрашивают? 4. На ваш вопрос ответят завтра. 5. Текст переводился вчера с двух до трех. 6. Работа только что завершена нами. 7. Эти книги уже будут опубликованы к концу года. 8. Наша контрольная работа сейчас проверяется? 9. О новой книге будут много говорить. 10. В нашем городе сейчас строится много новых зданий. 11. Ключи были утеряны вчера. 12. Мальчика возьмут в кино. 13. Вам сказали об этом? 14. Телеграмма уже получена?

Exercise 7.7. Translate into English:

1. Он сказал мне, что текст будет переведен к 10 часам завтра. 2. Все картины, которые вы здесь видите, написаны одним и тем же художником. 3. Письмо будет отправлено завтра. 4. Работа будет закончена в срок. 5. За доктором послали? Сделайте это как можно скорее. У ребенка высокая температура. 6. Эта книга была написана до того, как автор стал знаменитым. 7. Сотни новых домов будут построены к концу этого года. 8. Эта история давно забыта всеми. 9. Мне предложили очень интересную работу. 10. Он серьезный человек. На него всегда можно положиться. 11. За старой женщиной ухаживает ее младшая дочь. 12. На вечере нам показали прекрасный фильм. 13. Его ударили мячом. 14. С ним необходимо немедленно поговорить по этому вопросу. 15. Вам зададут несколько вопросов на экзамене. 16. Ей был дан список участников собрания. 17. Речь была заслушана с большим вниманием. 18. Вам объяснят, как добраться до железнодорожного вокзала. 19. Об этой пьесе сейчас много говорят. 20. Делегацию нужно встретить завтра в 9 часов утра в аэропорту.

1) В возрасте 16 лет каждый житель Великобритании обязан сдать экзамены на получение Сертификата о среднем образовании.

2) Британские университеты являются полностью самоуправляемыми.

3) В 1992 году Политехническим институтам была предоставлено право стать университетами.

4) Открытый университет, широко известный своими технологиями дистанционного обучения, был основан в 1969 году.

5) В 60-е годы в Соединенном королевстве наметился значительный рост числа университетов.

6) Размер гранта на обучение определяется исходя из дохода родителей.

GRAMMAR

§1. Сложное дополнение (Complex object)

Сложное дополнение -- это сочетание существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже (напр. me, him, us, them) с инфинитивом или причастием I. Существует в трех основных вариантах:

1. С инфинитивом без частицы to или с причастием 1 после глаголов восприятия

see I saw him drive the car. I saw them working in the lab.

watch We watched the plane land. We watched the children playing in the yard.

notice Nobody noticed him go out. He didn't notice that happen.

feel She felt somebody touch her hand. They didn't feel the train start.

hear I didn't hear you come into the room. I heard her playing piano.

В первом случае (вышеперечисленные глаголы с инфинитивом без частицы to) подчеркивается факт действия, во втором (эти же глаголы с причастием I) -- процесс действия.

I saw him enter the house. -- Я видел, как он вошел в дом.

I saw him entering the house. -- Я видел, как он входил в дом.

2. С инфинитивом без частицы to после глаголов

to let: Don't let them play in the street.

to make: Don't make me laugh.

3. С инфинитивом с частицей to после глаголов

to want I want you to find me a place in the first row.

to expect I expect you to come in time.

to believe I believe her to be a very good teacher.

to know I know him to be a good student.

to advise I advise you to enter the institute.

to consider The climate in England is considered to be mild.

to order He is ordered not to be late.

to allow They allow to use dictionaries at the exam.

to like I would like you to finish your work,

to find I find your story to be very interesting.

Exercise 8.2. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form:

1. He made me (do) it all over again. 2. Her father made her (learn) the lessons. 3. If you want us (make) the work quickly you should let us (start) at once. 4. Would you like me (read) now? 5. They won't let us (leave) the classroom till our control work has been checked. 6. He wouldn't let the children (play) in his study. 7. Please let me (know) the results of your exam as soon as possible. 8. He made us (wait) for two hours. 9. I let him (go) early as he had done his task. 10. I'd like him (enter) the university but I can't make him (do) it. 11. I want her (learn) English. 12. I heard the door (open) and saw my friend (come) into the room. 13. I heard her (play) the piano. 14. I saw him (go out) of the house. 15. The teacher advised us (use) dictionaries. 16. Her father doesn't allow her (go) to the cinema alone. 17. We expect our basketball team (win) next game. 18. We don't want you (tell) anything. 19. I saw them (open) the window. 20. That is too difficult for you to do, let me (help) you.

Exercise 8.3. Translate into English:

1. Вы хотите, чтобы дети играли здесь? 2. Вы хотите, чтобы мы встретились сегодня? 3. Вы ожидаете, работа будет сделана скоро? 4. Мы ожидаем, что они хорошо проведут у нас время. 5. Я хочу, чтобы он закончил эту работу. 6. Мы слышали, что она знает, когда мы сдаем экзамен. 7. Вы хотите, чтобы мы обсудили этот вопрос сегодня? 8. Мы ожидаем, что на этом месте будет построен новый дом. 9. Вы хотели бы, чтобы работа была сделана сегодня?

§2. Причастие и герундий. Их отличие

(Participle I)

Причастие I (причастие настоящего времени), образованное при помощи окончания -ing, имеет активную и страдательную формы:

активная (несовершенный вид) -- asking,

активная (совершенный вид) -- having asked.

страдательная (несовершенный) -- being asked,

страдательная (совершенный) -- having been asked.

Причастие I употребляется в функции:

1. Определения:

The man sitting at the table is our teacher. -- Человек, сидящий за столом -- наш учитель.

The houses being built in our town are not very high. -- Дома, строящиеся в нашем городе, невысоки.

2. Обстоятельства:

Going home I met an old friend. -- Идя домой, я встретил старого друга.

Having finished work I went home. -- Закончив работу, я пошел домой.

Причастие II (Participle II)

Причастие II (причастие прошедшего времени) всегда пассивно. Образуется оно прибавлением суффикса -ed к основе правильного глагола или путем чередования звуков в корне неправильного глагола.

Причастие II употребляется в функции:

1. Определения.

The book translated from English is interesting. -- Книга, переведенная с английского языка, интересная.

2. Обстоятельства (причины и времени):

Given the task he began to work. -- Когда ему дали задание он начал работать.

Употребление герундия и его отличие от причастия I

Причастие -- неличная форма глагола, промежуточная между глаголом и прилагательным:

The boy playing in the yard is my brother, -- Мальчик, (какой?) играющий во дворе, -- мой брат.

Герундий также является неличной формой глагола, промежуточной между существительным и глаголом:

Smoking is harmful. -- Курение (что?) вредно.

Иными словами, причастие--в большей степени «прилагательное» по своим функциям, герундий -- «существительное».

Герундий употребляется:

1. в качестве подлежащего:

Reading is useful.

2. как часть сказуемого после глаголов to finish, to start, to continue, to go on, to keep и др.

He started reading the book.

3. как предложное дополнение: I am fond of reading.

4. как прямое дополнение: Do you mind my reading here?

5. как обстоятельство времени: After reading he closed the book.

6. как обстоятельство образа действия: Instead of reading he went to the movies.

Активная форма герундия: giving, beating.

Пассивная форма герундия: being given, being beaten.

Exercise 8.4. Open the brackets using the gerund:

1. The grass in the garden is very dry, it needs (water). 2. It's very warm outside. You don't need (put on) yourcoat. 3. The house is old, and it wants (repair). 4. Famous people don't need (introduce) themselves. 5. The carpet is covered with dust, it needs (sweep). 6. The shoes are very dirty, they need (polish). 7. These shoes have a hole, they want (mend). 8. The table cloth is quite clean, it doesn't want (wash) yet. 9. The room needed (clean). 10. (learn) foreign languages is very useful. 12. I know my hair wants (cut) but I never have time to go to the hairdresser's. 13. John needed (cheer up) when he heard that he'd failed his exams. 14. You should tidy up the garden. -- Yes, it needs (tidy). The roses want (water), the peaches want (pick), the grass wants (cut).

Engineers in the field of electric and electronic engineering are concerned with all aspects of electrical communications, from fundamental questions such as «What is information?» to the highly practical, such as the design of telephone systems. In designing communication systems, engineers rely on various branches of advanced mathematics, such as Fourier analysis, linear systems theory, linear algebra, differential equations, and probability theory.

Engineers work on control systems which are used extensively in automated manufacturing and in robotics.

Major developments in the field of communications and control have been the replacement of analogue systems with digital systems; fibre optics are used now instead of copper cables. Digital systems offer far greater immunity to electrical noise. Fibre optics are likewise immune to interference; they also have great carrying capacity, and are extremely light and inexpensive to manufacture.

Computer engineering is now the most rapidly growing field. The electronics of computers is the design and manufacture of memory systems, of central processing units, and of peripheral devices. The most prospective industry now is the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and new computer architectures. The field of computer science is closely related to computer engineering; however, the task of making computers more «intelligent» (artificial intelligence), through creation of sophisticated programs or development of higher level machine languages or other means, is generally regarded as the dream of computer science.

One current trend in computer engineering is microminiaturization. Engineers continue to work to fit greater and greater numbers of circuit elements onto smaller and smaller chips.

Another trend is towards increasing the speed of computer operations through the use of parallel processors and superconducting materials.

So, as you see, there are a lot of employment opportunities in my field. I don't worry about finding a job. The most important thing for me now is to study well and to graduate from the Academy.

Vocabulary:

to comprise -- включать в себя

automated manufacturing of products -- автоматизированное производство товаров

robotics -- робототехника

horizons -- горизонты

cheap -- дешевый

to generate -- генерировать, производить

to transmit -- передавать

to store -- хранить

scale -- масштаб

unprecedented in history -- не имеющий прецедентов в истории

indication -- указание, свидетельство

explosive -- взрывной

to deal with -- иметь дело с, заниматься чем-либо

integration -- интеграция

application -- приложение, использование

circuits -- электрические схемы, цепи

device -- устройство

transmission -- передача

processing -- обработка

to rely -- полагаться

Fourier analysis -- анализ Фурье

linear systems theory -- теория линейных систем

linear algebra -- линейная алгебра

differential equations -- дифференциальные уравнения

probability theory -- теория вероятности

extensively -- широко

replacement -- замещение

fibre optics -- оптоволоконные технологии

copper -- медь

digital -- цифровой

immunity -- защищенность, невосприимчивость

carrying capacity -- пропускная способность

light -- легкий

rapidly growing -- быстрорастущий

artificial intelligence -- искусственный разум

sophisticated -- сложный

superconducting -- сверхпроводимость

ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY:

a) mechanical engineer -- инженер-механик

electric engineer -- инженер-электрик

electronic engineer -- инженер электроник

computer engineer -- инженер-компьютерщик

military engineer -- военный инженер

b) prestigious job (work) -- престижная работа

well-paid job -- высокооплачиваемая работа

employee -- наемный рабочий

employer -- наймодатель

businessman -- предприниматель, бизнесмен

state-employed -- государственный служащий

white-collar worker -- «белый воротничок», работник умственного труда

blue-collar worker -- «синий воротничок», работник физического труда

skilled worker -- квалифицированный рабочий

unskilled worker -- неквалифицированный рабочий

experienced worker -- опытный работник

c) to be hired for a job -- быть нанятым на выполнение работы

to look for a new job (work, position) -- искать новую работу

to apply for a new job -- претендовать на какую-либо должность

application for a position of -- заявление на какую-либо должность

resume -- резюме

C.V. (curriculum vitae) -- автобиография

to be fired -- быть уволенным

to retire -- уходить на пенсию

to be unemployed -- быть безработным

Exercise 9.1. Translate into English:

1. Родители купили мне компьютер, когда я училась(ся) в десятом классе.

2. Никакой современный бизнес не возможен без компьютерной техники.

3. Компьютерная индустрия -- наиболее быстроразвивающеся производство.

4. Компьютерное управление автоматизированными производственными линиями открывает новые горизонты дешевого и качественного производства товаров.

5. Крупным достижением в сфере коммуникации является замена аналоговых систем на цифорвые.

6. В настоящее время оптоволоконные цифровые технологии обеспечивают более качественную и доступную связь, чем аналоговые системы.

Exercise 9.2. How do you see your future profession? Please answer the following questions:

1) What kind of work are you interested in?

a) well paid

b) interesting

c) in a large and famous company

d) quiet

e) in an industry which has a future

f) prestigious

g) not to sit the whole day in the office

h) to travel a lot

2) What position would you like to have?

a) to manage people -- manager

b) to work for someone else -- an employee

c) to be your own boss -- self-employed, businessman

d) to be responsible for everything -- top manager, director

e) to work for the state -- state employee

Exercise 9.3. Please discuss with your group advantages and disadvantages of your future profession. Do you think that engineering profession is prestigios? Is it well-paid? How difficult is it to find a good work in this field?

General understanding:

1. What is the most widespread trend in the engineering profession?

2. What are computers used for in modern engineering?

3. What approaches are used in modern engineering?

4. What is «ergonomics»?

5. What does human-factors engineering deal with?

GRAMMAR

§1. Придаточные предложения условия и времени, действие которых отнесено к будущему

В придаточных предложениях условия и времени с союзами

If (если),

when (когда),

after (после),

before (перед тем, как),

as soon as (как только), ]

unless (если не),

until (до тех пор, пока не),

будущее время заменяется формой настоящего времени, но на русский язык переводится будущим, например:

If you help me, I shall do this work. -- Если ты поможешь мне, я сделаю эту работу.

As soon as I get free, I'll come to you. -- Как только я освобожусь, я приду к тебе.

We shall not begin until you come. -- Мы не начнем, пока ты не придешь.

Exercise 9.4. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the right form:

1. He (go) out when the weather (get) warmer. 2. I (wait) for you until you (come) back from school. 3. I'm afraid the train (start) before we (come) to the station. 4. We (go) to the country tomorrow if the weather (to be) fine. 5. We (not pass) the examination next year if we not (work) harder. 6. If you (not drive) more carefully you (have) an accident. 7. You (be) late if you (not take) a taxi. 8. I (finish) reading this book before I (go) to bed. 9. You must (send) us a telegram as soon as you (arrive). 10. We (have) a picnic tomorrow if it (be) a fine day. 11. We (go) out when it (stop) raining. 12. We (not to have) dinner until you (come). 13. I'm sure they (write) to us when they (know) our new address.

Прочитайте примеры и запомните наиболее употребительные суффиксы существительных

-ег/ог -- teacher, writer, actor, doctor

-ist -- scientist, artist, dentist

-ment -- government, movement, development

-(t)ion -- revolution, translation, operation

-ity/ty -- popularity, honesty, ability

-sion/ssion -- revision, session, discussion,

-ness -- happiness, illness, darkness

Прочитайте примеры и запомните наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы глаголов.

re- -- rewrite, rebuild, reconstruct,

mis- -- misprint, misunderstand, miscount.

Прочитайте примеры и запомните наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы прилагательных.

un- -- unhappy, unable, uncomfortable

dis- -- dishonest, discouraging, disconnectng

Прочитайте примеры и запомните основные суффиксы числительных.

-teen -- fifteen, sixteen, eighteen

-ty -- twenty, thirty, sixty, ninety

-th -- fourth, seventh, eighteenth

Exercise 9.5. Make up adjectives from the following words:

colour, beauty, peace, use, hope, truth, rain, help, power, pain, care.

§2. Сослагательное наклонение в условных предложениях

Сослагательное наклонение выражает возможность, нереальность, предположительность действия.

Изъявительное наклонение.

If I learn his address I shall write to him. -- Если я узнаю его адрес, я ему напишу.

Сослагательное наклонение:

If I knew his address I would write to him. -- Если бы я знал его адрес (сейчас), я написал бы ему (сейчас или в ближайшем будущем). Глагол в придаточном предложении -- в форме Past Indefinite, в главном -- в форме Future in the Past.

В случае, если действие, описываемое сослагательным наклонением, относится к прошедшему времени, в главном предложении используется форма будущего совершенного с точки зрения прошедшего Future Perfect in the Past, а в придаточном -- прошедшее совершенное Past Perfect.

If I had known his address I would have written to him. -- Если бы я знал его адрес (в прошлом), я написал бы ему (в прошлом же).

I wish I lived not far from here. (настоящее время). --Жаль, что я не живу поблизости.

I wish I had lived not far from here (прошедшее время). -- Жаль, что я не жил поблизости.

Exercise 9.6. Translate into Russian:

1. If I came later I would be late for the lesson. 2. If he had known the time-table he wouldn't have missed the train. 3. It would be better if you learned the oral topics. 3. I wish I had known this before the examination. 4. I would have come to you if you had not lived so far away. 5. If I had seen you yesterday I would have given you my text-book. 6. If I were in your place I wouldn't buy the tickets beforehand. 7. If I had known that you needed help I would have helped you.

UNIT 1

10. What are the main processes of metal forming?

11. How are metals worked?

12. What is creeping?

Exercise 1.1. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

1. Свойства металлов

2. расстояние между атомами

3. правильное расположение

4. сильно отличаются по своим свойствам

5. кристаллическая структура

6. размер зерен

7. форма зерен

8. закалка

9. отжиг

10.волочение

11.прокатка

12.ковка

13.экструзия

14. структура и свойства зерна

15. горячая обработка

16. усталость металла

17. ползучесть металла

18. плавка и отливка в формы

19. способы обработки металлов

Exercise 1.2. Complete the following sentences:

1. Metals are...

2. Metallurgy is...

3. Most metals are...

4. The regular arrangement of atoms in metals...

5. Irregular crystals...

6. The properties of the metals depend...

7. Metals with small grains will be...

8....controls the nature of the grains in the metal.

9. Alloying is...

10. All metals can be formed by...

11. Creep is...

12. Metals can be worked using...

Exercise 1.3. Explain in English the meaning of the following words:

1. malleability

2. crystalline structure

3. grains

4. heat treatment

5. alloying

6. creep

Exercise 1.4. Translate into English:

1. Металлы -- плотные материалы потому, что между атомами в металлах малое расстояние.

2. Металлы имеют кристаллическую структуру из-за правильного расположения атомов.

3. Чем меньше зерна, тем тверже металл.

4. Закалка и отжиг изменяют форму и размер зерен в металлах.

5. Легирование изменяет структуру зерен и свойства металлов.

6. Металл деформируется и разрушается из-за усталости и ползучести.

General understanding:

1. What is steel?

2. What are the main properties of steel?

3. What are the drawbacks of steel?

4. What kinds of steel do you know? Where are they used?

5. What gives the addition of manganese, silicon and chromium to steel?

6. What can be made of mild steels (medium-carbon steels, high-carbon steels)?

7. What kind of steels can be forged and welded?

8. How can we get rust-proof (stainless) steel?

9. What is used to form a hard surface on steel?

10. What are high-speed steels alloyed with?

Exercise 1.5. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

1. сплав железа и углерода

2. прочный и жесткий

3. легко коррозирует

4. нержавеющая сталь

5. низкое содержание углерода

6. ковкость

7. листовое железо, проволока, трубы

8. конструкционные стали

9. пригодны для ковки и сварки

10. твердый и хрупкий

11. режущие инструменты

12. хирургические инструменты

13. инструментальная сталь

14.упрочнять

15. добавление марганца (кремния, хрома, вольфрама, молибдена, ванадия)

Vocabulary:

to immerse -- погружать

to apply -- применять

intermediate -- промежуточный

oxide film -- оксидная пленка

annealing -- отжиг, отпуск

cracking -- растрескивание

General understanding:

1. What can be done to obtain harder steel?

2. What makes steel more soft and tough?

3. What makes steel more malleable and ductile?

4. What can serve as the indicator of metal temperature while heating it?

5. What temperature range is used for tempering?

6. What are the methods of steel heat treatment used for?

Exercise 1.6. Translate into English the following words and word combinations:

1. температура нормализации

2. мелкозернистая структура

3. быстрое охлаждение

4. закаленная сталь

5. состав стали

6. окисная пленка

7. индикатор температуры

8. медленное охлаждение

FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev is a famous Russian chemist. He is best known for his development of the periodic table of the properties of the chemical elements. This table displays that elements' properties are changed periodically when they are arranged according to atomic weight.

Mendeleyev was born in 1834 in Tobolsk, Siberia. He studied chemistry at the University of St. Petersburg, and in 1859 he was sent to study at the University of Heidelberg. Mendeleyev returned to St. Petersburg and became Professor of Chemistry at the Technical Institute in 1863. He became Professor of General Chemistry at the University of St. Petersburg in 1866. Mendeleyev was a well-known teacher, and, because there was no good textbook in chemistry at that time, he wrote the two-volume «Principles of Chemistry» which became a classic textbook in chemistry.

In this book Mendeleyev tried to classify the elements according to their chemical properties. In 1869 he published his first version of his periodic table of elements. In 1871 he published an improved version of the periodic table, in which he left gaps for elements that were not known at that time. His table and theories were proved later when three predicted elements: gallium, germanium, and scandium were discovered.

Mendeleyev investigated the chemical theory of solution. He found that the best proportion of alcohol and water in vodka is 40%. He also investigated the thermal expansion of liquids and the nature of petroleum.

In 1893 he became director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures in St. Petersburg and held this position until his death in 1907.

UNIT 2

Vocabulary:

useful -- полезный

shape -- форма, формировать

rolling -- прокатка

extrusion -- экструзия, выдавливание

drawing -- волочение

forging -- ковка

sheet -- лист

to subject -- подвергать

amount -- количество

condition -- состояние, условие

perform -- выполнять, проводить

to harden -- делаться твердым, упрочняться

at least -- по крайней мере

common -- общий

billet -- заготовка, болванка

orifice -- отверстие

die -- штамп, пуансон, матрица, фильера, волочильная доска

cross section -- поперечное сечение

window frame -- рама окна

tube -- труба

hollow -- полый

initial -- первоначальный, начальный

thick-walled -- толстостенный

mandrel -- оправка, сердечник

impact -- удар

loosely -- свободно, с зазором

fitting -- зд. посадка

ram -- пуансон, плунжер

force -- сила

gap -- промежуток, зазор

to determine -- устанавливать, определять

General understanding:

1. Why are metals so important in industry?

2. What are the main metalworking processes?

3. Why are metals worked mostly hot?

4. What properties does cold working give to metals?

5. What is rolling? Where is it used?

6. What is extrusion? What shapes can be obtained after extrusion?

7. What are the types of extrusion?

Exercise 2.1. Find the following in the text:

1. могут легко деформироваться

2. нужные формы

3. подвергать большим деформациям

4. зерна свободные от деформации

5. температура перекристаллизации

6. пластическая деформация сжатия

7. самый обычный процесс обработки металла

8. самое обычное изделие проката

9. отверстие фильеры

10. первоначальный

11. сложное сечение

12. пустотелые детали

13. свободно входящий плунжер

14. зазор между плунжером (пуансоном) и штампом

15. толщина стенки

Exercise 2.2. Translate into English:

1. Способность металла перекристаллизовываться при высокой температуре используется при горячей

обработке.

2. Перекристаллизация -- это рост новых, свободных от деформации зерен.

3. Во время горячей обработки металл может подвергаться очень большой пластической деформации сжатия.

4. Холодная обработка делает металл тверже и прочнее, но некоторые металлы имеют предел деформации.

5. Листовой прокат может производиться горячим или холодным.

6. Поверхность холоднокатаного листа более гладкая и он прочнее.

7. Поперечное сечение фильеры для экструзии может быть простым или сложным.

8. Алюминиевые и медные сплавы являются наилучшими для экструзии из-за их пластичности при деформации.

9. Алюминиевые банки, тюбики для зубной пасты являются примерами использования штамповки выдавливанием.

10. Толщина стенки алюминиевой банки определяется зазором между пунсоном и штампом.

Vocabulary

feature -- черта, особенность

to provide -- обеспечивать

improvement -- улучшение

property -- свойство

eliminate -- ликвидировать, исключать

porosity -- пористость

directional -- направленный

to segregate -- разделять

casting -- отливка

elongated -- удлиненный

to weaken -- ослабевать, ослаблять

transverse -- поперечный

flow -- течение, поток

finished -- отделанный

thinning -- утончение

fracture -- разрушение

strain hardening -- деформационное упрочнение

brass -- латунь

beverage -- напиток

can -- консервная банка

to exhibit -- проявлять

inner -- внутренний

flaws -- недостатки, дефекты кристаллической решетки

inclusion -- включение

trapped -- зд. заключенный

refining -- очищать, очистка

to avoid -- избегать

to undergo -- подвергаться

tensile ductility -- пластичность при растяжении

General understanding:

1. What process improves the mechanical properties of metals?

2. What new properties have hot-worked products?

3. How does the forging of a bar affect the grains of the metal? What is the result of this?

4. How are the flow lines in the forged metal oriented and how does it affect the strength of the forged part?

5. What are the best strain-hardening alloys? Where can we use them?

6. What are the inner flaws in the metal?

7. Can a metal fracture because of the inner flaw?

8. What limits the change of the shape during forming operations?

Exercise 2.5. Find the following in the text:

1. важная особенность горячей обработки

2. улучшение механических свойств металла

3. необработанная отливка

4. направление максимального напряжения

5. способность сопротивляться утончению и разрушению

6. проявлять большее деформационное упрочнение

7. разрушение детали при штамповке

8. внутренние дефекты в металле

9. неметаллические включения

10. способность металлов подвергаться деформации

11. ограничивается пластичностью металла при растяжении

Exercise 2.6. Translate into English:

1. Горячая обработка металла улучшает его механические свойства и устраняет пористость и внутренние дефекты.

2. Удлинение зерен в направлении текучести при ковке значительно улучшает прочность металла в этом направлении и уменьшает его прочность в поперечном.

3. Хорошая проковка ориентирует линии текучести в направлении максимального напряжения.

4. Деформационное упрочнение металла при холодной обработке очень важно для получения металлов с улучшенными свойствами.

5. Внутренние дефекты металла -- это неметаллические включения типа окислов или сульфидов.

6. Изменение формы при штамповании металлических деталей ограничивается пластичностью металла при растяжении.

FAMOUS SCIENTISTS

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was a famous Russian writer, chemist, and astronomer who made a lot in literature and science.

Lomonosov was born on November 19, 1711, in Denisovka (now Lomonosov), near Archangelsk, and studied at the University of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. After studying in Germany at the Universities of Marburg and Freiberg, Lomonosov returned to St. Petersburg in 1745 to teach chemistry and built a teaching and research laboratory there four years later.

Lomonosov is often called the founder of Russian science. He was an innovator in many fields. As a scientist he rejected the phlogiston theory of matter commonly accepted at the time and he anticipated the kinetic theory of gases. He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, and stated the idea of conservation of matter. Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to observe the atmosphere of Venus during a solar transit.

Interested in the development of Russian education, Lomonosov helped to found Moscow State University in 1755, and in the same year wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with modern language. In 1760 he published the first history of Russia. He also revived the art of Russian mosaic and built a mosaic and colored-glass factory. Most of his achievements, however, were unknown outside Russia.

UNIT3

I. Text A: «Materials science and technology»,

Text B: «Mechanical Properties of Materials».

II. Famous people of science and technology: Igor Sikorskly, Andrey Tupolev.

Vocabulary

bar-- брусок, прут

completely -- полностью, совершенно

compression -- сжатие

creep -- ползучесть

cross-sectional area -- площадь поперечного сечения

cyclic stress -- циклическое напряжение

decrease -- уменьшение

elastic deformation -- упругая деформация

elastic limit -- предел упругости

exceed -- превышать

external forces -- внешние силы

fatigue -- усталость металла

fracture -- перелом, излом

loosen -- ослаблять, расшатывать

permanent deformation -- постоянная деформация

remaining -- оставшийся

shear -- срез

simultaneously -- одновременно

to stretch -- растягивать

technique -- методы

tension -- напряженность

to propagate -- распространяться

to bend -- гнуть, согнуть

to extend -- расширять, продолжаться

to meet the needs -- отвечать требованиям

to occur -- происходить

to respond -- отвечать реагировать

to suffer -- страдать

torsion -- кручение

twisting -- закручивание, изгиб

volume -- объем, количество

rupture -- разрыв

General understanding:

1. What are the external forces causing the elastic deformation of materials? Describe those forces that change the form and size of materials.

2. What are the results of external forces?

3. What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression?

4. What is the result of tension? What happens if the elastic limit of material is exceeded under tension?

5. What do we call fatigue? When does it occur? What are the results of fatigue?

6. What do we call creep? When does this type of permanent deformation take place? What are the results of creep?

Exercise 3.1. Find the following in the text:

1. отвечать требованиям современной технологии

2. используя лабораторные методы

3. новые способы использования металлов

4. сжатие, растяжение, изгиб, кручение, срез

5. возвращать первоначальный размер и форму

6. внешняя сила

7. постоянная деформация

8. уменьшение объема

9. растягивающие и сжимающие силы

10. превышать предел упругости материала

11. повторяющиеся циклические напряжения

12. разрушение материала

13. развитие и распространение мелких трещин

14. сопротивление материалов ползучести и усталости

Exercise 3.2. Translate into English the following sentences:

1. Упругая деформация -- это реакция всех материалов на внешние силы, такие, как растяжение, сжатие, скручивание, изгиб и срез.

2. Усталость и ползучесть материалов являются результатом внешних сил.

3. Внешние силы вызывают постоянную деформацию и разрушение материала.

4. Растягивающие и сжимающие силы работают одновременно, когда мы изгибаем или скручиваем материал.

5. Растяжение материала выше предела его упругости дает постоянную деформацию или разрушение.

6. Когда деталь работает долгое время под циклическими напряжениями, в ней появляются небольшие растущие трещины из-за усталости металла.

7. Ползучесть -- это медленное изменение размера детали под напряжением.

Vocabulary

ability -- способность

amount -- количество

absorb -- поглощать

amount -- количество

application -- применение

brittle -- хрупкий, ломкий

car body -- кузов автомобиля

constituent -- компонент

crack -- трещина

creep resistance -- устойчивость к ползучести

definition -- определение

density -- плотность

ductility -- ковкость, эластичность

failure -- повреждение

gradual -- постепенный

permanent -- постоянный

rigid -- жесткий

to sink -- тонуть

square root -- квадратный корень

stiffness -- жесткость

strain -- нагрузка, напряжение, деформация

strength -- прочность

stress -- давление, напряжение

tensile strength -- прочность на разрыв

toughness -- прочность, стойкость

yield strength -- прочность текучести

Young modulus -- модуль Юнга

General understanding:

1. What is the density of a material?

2. What are the units of density? Where low density is needed?

3. What are the densities of water, aluminium and steel?

4. A measure of what properties is stiffness? When stiffness is important?

5. What is Young modulus?

6. What is strength?

7. What is yield strength? Why fracture strength is always greater than yield strength?

8. What is ductility? Give the examples of ductile materials. Give the examples of brittle materials.

8. What is toughness?

9. What properties of steel are necessary for the manufacturing of: a) springs, b) car body parts, c) bolts and nuts, d) cutting tools?

10. Where is aluminium mostly used because of its light weight?

Exercise 3.3. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

1. количество массы в единице объема

2. килограмм на кубический метр

3. мера сопротивления деформации

4. отношение приложенной силы на единицу площади к частичной упругой деформации

5. жесткая конструкция

6. прочность на сжатие

7. способность материала деформироваться не разрушаясь

8. поглощать энергию путем деформации

9. обратно пропорционально квадрату размера дефекта

10. постепенное изменение формы

11. повышенные температуры

12. высокие растягивающие усилия

Exercise 3.4. Translate into English the following:

1. Плотность измеряется в килограммах на кубический метр.

2. Большинство материалов имеют более высокую плотность, чем вода и тонут в воде.

3. Плотность материала очень важна, особенно в авиации.

4. Модуль Юнга -- отношение приложенной силы к упругой деформации данного материала.

5. Чем более металл жесткий, тем менее он деформируется под нагрузкой.

6. Когда металл растягивают, он сначала течет, то есть пластически деформируется.

7. Свинец, медь, алюминий и золото -- самые ковкие металлы.

8. Сопротивление ползучести является очень важным свойством материалов, которые используются в авиационных моторах.

«FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING»

Sikorsky Igor Ivanovich was a well-known aircraft engineer and manufacturer.

Sikorsky was born in 1889 in Kiev, in the Ukraine, and got his education at the naval college in St. Petersburg, and later in Kiev and Paris. He was the first to make experiments in helicopter design. In 1913 he designed, built, and flew the first successful aeroplane. Later he built military aircrafts for Russia and France.

In 1919 Sikorsky moved to the United States and later helped to organize an aircraft company that produced a series of multiengine flying boats for commercial service. Sikorsky became an American citizen in 1928. In the late 1930s he returned to developing helicopters and produced the first successful helicopter in the west. Helicopters designed by Sikorsky were used mostly by the US Army Air Forces during World War II. He died in 1972 at the age of 83.

Tupolev Andrey Nikolayevich, famous aircraft designer, was born in 1888. He graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School, where he designed the first Russian wind tunnel. He helped to found the Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute in 1918 and later worked as the head of its design bureau. During his career he directed the design of more than 100 military and commercial aircraft, including the TU-2 and TU-4 bombers used in the World War II. In 1955 he designed the TU-104, the first passenger jet airliner. His TU-144 supersonic jet liner began its commercial passenger flights in 1977.

UNIT 4

Vocabulary:

machine-tools -- станки

electrically driven -- с электроприводом

shape -- форма

workpiece -- деталь

accurate -- точный

development -- развитие

to allow -- позволять, разрешать

interchangeable -- взаимозаменяемый

facility -- приспособление

relative --относительный

amount -- количество

fluid -- жидкость

to lubricate -- смазывать

spark erosion -- электроискровая обработка

discharge -- разряд

by means of -- посредством

beam -- луч

drilling -- сверление

flexible -- гибкий

range -- ассортимент, диапазон

Vocabulary:

lathe -- токарный станок

circular cross-section -- круглое поперечное сечение

surface -- поверхность

stationary -- неподвижный, стационарный

sideways -- в сторону

variety -- разнообразие, разновидность

depth -- глубина

headstock -- передняя бабка

spindle -- шпиндель

chuck -- зажим, патрон

faceplate -- планшайба

lathe bed -- станина станка

to enable -- давать возможность

tolerance -- допуск

General understanding:

1. What are machine-tools used for?

2. How are most machine-tools driven nowadays?

3. What facilities have all machine-tools?

4. How are the cutting tool and the workpiece cooled during machining?

5. What other machining methods have been developed lately?

6. What systems are used now for the manufacture of a range of products without the use of manual labor?

7. What parts can be made with lathes?

8. How can the cutting tool be moved on a lathe?

9. How is the workpiece clamped in a lathe?

10. Can we change the speeds of workpiece rotation in a lathe?

11. What is numerical control of machine tools used for?

Exercise 4.1. Find English equivalents in the text:

1. обрабатываемый материал

2. электропривод

3. более точный

4. отдельные детали

5. процесс массового производства

6. приспособления для держания резца и детали

7. операции по механической обработке детали

8. высоковольтный разряд

9. сверление ультразвуком

10. резание с помощью лазерного луча

11. гибкие производственные системы

12. детали круглого сечения

13. поворачивать деталь вокруг ее оси

14. двигать в сторону, двигать по направлению к детали

15. глубина резания

16. непрерывное вращение детали

17. движение резца вдоль станины

Exercise 4.2. Translate into English:

1. Токарный станок позволяет производить детали круглого сечения.

2. Деталь зажимается в патроне или на планшайбе токарного станка.

3. Резец может двигаться как вдоль станины, так и под прямым углом к ней.

4. Современные токарные станки часто имеют цифровое управление.

Vocabulary:

milling machine -- фрезерный станок

series -- серия, ряд

cutting edge -- режущий край, острие

circumference -- окружность

to feed -- подавать

longitudinal-- продольный

horizontal -- горизонтальный

vertical -- вертикальный

versatile -- универсальный

flat -- плоский

contoured -- контурный

angle -- угол

slot -- прорезь, паз

gear teeth -- зубья шестерни

drill -- дрель, сверло, сверлить

hole -- отверстие

to enlarge -- увеличивать

thread -- резьба

portable -- портативный

unit -- единица, целое, узел

previously -- ранее

to slide -- скользить

stroke -- ход

lateral -- боковой

displacement -- смещение

straight -- прямой

idle -- на холостом ходу

workshop -- цех, мастерская

to mount -- крепить

holder -- держатель

to execute -- выполнять

simultaneous -- одновременный

multiple -- многочисленный

grinder -- шлифовальный станок

wheel -- круг, колесо

bonded -- скрепленный

to remove -- удалять

pass -- проход

fine -- точный

conventional -- обычный

device -- устройство, прибор

fragile -- хрупкий

General understanding:

1. What is the shape of a cutter in a milling machine?

2. What moves in a milling machine, a table or a cutter?

3. What possible movements has the table of a milling machine?

4. What kind of surfaces and shapes may be machined by a milling machine?

5. What can we use a drilling machine for?

6. What kinds of drilling machines exist?

7. What is rotated while boring, a cutter or a work-piece?

8. Describe the work of a shaper (planer).

9. What must be done to execute multiple simultaneous cuts on a planer?

10. What is the working tool in a grinder?

11. Can we obtain a very smooth surface after grinding and why? 12. Can we grind fragile materials and why?

Exercise 4.3. Translate into English:

1. Токарный станок все еще остается самым важным станком.

2. Все современные токарные станки оборудованы электроприводами.

3. Движение инструмента контролируется с высокой точностью.

4. Электропривод позволяет обрабатывать заготовку на различных скоростях.

Vocabulary:

carbon -- углерод

flexible -- гибкий

fibre -- волокно, нить

chain -- цепь

identical -- одинаковый, идентичный

molecule -- молекула

branch -- разветвленный

to synthesize -- синтезировать

chemicals -- химические вещества

to soften -- смягчать

cellulose -- клетчатка, целлюлоза

wax -- воск

thermosetting plastics -- термореактивные пластмассы

to harden -- делать твердым

coil -- спираль

stretched -- растянутый

transparent -- прозрачный

rubber -- резина, каучук

to decompose -- разлагаться

soft-drink -- безалкогольный напиток

to subject -- подвергать

polyurethane -- полиуретан

resin -- смола

similar -- сходный, подобный

sufficient -- достаточный

to prevent -- предотвращать

General understanding

1. What is the definition of plastics?

2. What is the basic chemical element in plastics formula?

3. What do polymers consist of?

4. What are long-chain molecules made of?

5. What are the main types of polymers?

6. Give examples of plastics belonging to these types.

7. What plastics are the best electrical insulators?

8. Describe the difference between thermoplastics and thermosets.

9. What are the main types of structures of polymers?

10. What are the most important properties of plastics?

11. Give the examples of various uses of plastics because of their characteristic properties.

Exercise 5.1. Find English equivalents in the text:

1. синтетические полимеры

2. молекулы с длинными цепями

3. характерные свойства полимера

4. синтезируются из органических химических веществ

5. хороший электрический изолятор

6. размягчаться при нагревании

7. затвердевать при охлаждении

8. гибкий и легко растяжимый

9. течь под нагрузкой

10. более высокая плотность

11. менее подвержены ползучести

12. достаточная взаимосвязь между молекулами

Exercise 5.2. Translate into English:

1. Длинные цепи молекул полимеров состоят из одинаковых небольших молекул мономеров.

2. Сополимеры состоят из двух и более мономеров.

3. Пластмассы можно получать в виде листов, тонких пленок, волокон или гранул.

4. Молекулы полимеров могут быть линейными, ветвящимися или с поперечными связями.

5. Малый вес пластмасс и хорошие электроизоляционные свойства позволяют использовать их в радиоэлектронике и электроприборах, а также вместо металлов.

6. Молекулы термопластов имеют извитую форму и, поэтому, они гибкие и легко растяжимы.

7. Эластомеры имеют большое число поперечных связей между молекулами.

Vocabulary:

adhesion -- прилипание

adhesive -- клей

bond -- связи, узы

insulation -- изоляция

casting -- литье

void -- пустота

solid -- твердое тело, твердый

acid -- кислота

alkali -- щелочь

to obtain -- доставать, получать

granule -- гранула

solution -- раствор

lattices -- латексы

paste -- паста

yield -- выход

durable -- прочный

rubber -- резина, каучук

garment -- предметы одежды

lens --линза

capacitor -- эл. конденсатор

syringe -- шприц

light-duty -- неответственный

envelope -- зд. обрамление

impact -- удар

improved -- улучшенный

modifiers -- модификаторы

addition -- добавление

readily -- легко, с готовностью

foam -- пена

catalyst -- катализатор

wax -- воск

reasonable -- приемлемый, неплохой

coating -- слой, покрытие

General understanding:

1. What are the types of plastics?

2. What are the features of the epoxy resin?

3. What is epoxy resin used for?

4. What is PVC usually used for?

5. What are the typical applications of polystyrene?

6. When was polyethylen synthesized?

7. Under what conditions is polyethylen synthesized?

8. What sorts of polyethylen can be synthesized?

Exercise 5.3. Translate into Russian:

1. Polythene is a plastic made from ethane.

2. Epoxy resins have outstanding adhesion, toughness and resistance to attack from chemicals.

3. PVC is a colourless solid with outstanding resistance to water, alcohols, and concentrated acids and alkalis.

4. Polystyrene is a thermoplastic produced by the polymerization of styrene.

5. Polythene is a white waxy solid with very low density, reasonable strength and toughness but low stiffness.

Exercise 5.4. Translate into English:

1. Эпоксидная смола затвердевает когда смешивается с отвердителем и пластификатором.

2. Эпоксидные смолы используются в качестве клея, а с добавками -- в строительстве лодок и спортивного снаряжения.

3. ПВХ -- бесцветное твердое вещество с выдающейся устойчивостью к воздействию воды, спиртов, концентрированных кислот и щелочей.

4. ПВХ широко используется при производстве изоляции для проводов.

5. Выдувка непластифицированного ПВХ используется при производстве прозрачных бутылок для напитков.

6. Полистирол легко вспенивается и используется для упаковки.

7. Полиэтилен -- воскообразное вещество белого цвета с очень низкой плотностью и малой жесткостью.

General understanding:

1. What is called «composite materials»?

2. What are the best properties of fibre-glass?

3. What do composite material usually consist of?

4. What is used as matrix in composites?

5. What is used as filler or fibers in composites?

6. How are the composite materials with ceramic and metal matrices called?

7. What are the advantages of composites?

8. What are the disadvantages of composites?

9. Why anisotropic properties of composites should be taken into account?

Exercise 5.5. Find equivalents in the text:

1. композитные материалы

2. уникальные механические качества

3. полимерные матричные композиты

4. составлять 60% объема

5. углепластик

6. привлекательные качества

7. структура, подвергающаяся воздействию разнонаправленных сил

Exercise 5.6. Translate into Russian:

1. PMC is fabricated so that all the fibres are lined up parallel to one another.

2. Forming strong connections between separate composite material components is difficult.

3. Fabricating composite materials is a complex process.

4. Composite materials have certain advantages over conventional materials

5. Nowadays, composites are being used for structures such as bridges, boat-building etc.

6. Continuous-fibre composites are generally required for structural applications.

FAMOUS INVENTORS

Alfred Bernhard Nobel was a famous Swedish chemist and inventor. He was born in Stockholm in 1833. After receiving an education in St. Petersburg, Russia, and then in the United States, where he studied mechanical engineering, he returned to St. Petersburg to work with his father in Russia. They were developing mines, torpedoes, and other explosives.

In a family-owned factory in Heleneborg, Sweden, he developed a safe way to handle nitroglycerine, after a factory explosion in 1864 killed his younger brother and four other people. In 1867 Nobel achieved his goal: he produced what he called dynamite динамит. Не later produced one of the first smokeless powders (порох). At the time of his death he controlled factories for the manufacture of explosives (взрывчатое вещество) in many parts of the world. In his will he wanted that the major portion of his money left became a fund for yearly prizes in his name. The prizes were to be given for merits (заслуги) in physics, chemistry, medicine and physiology, literature, and world peace. A prize in economics has been awarded since 1969.

General understanding:

1. How can a process of welding be defined?

2. What are the two main groups of processes of welding?

3. How can we join metal parts together?

4. What is welding used for nowadays?

5. Where is welding necessary?

6. What do the welding processes of today include?

7. What are the principles of gas welding?

8. What kinds of welding can be used for joining steels?

9. What does arc welding require? 10. What is the difference between the arc welding and shielded-metal welding?

Exercise 6.1. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

1. сварка давлением

2. тепловая сварка

3. болтовое (клепаное) соединение

4. процесс сварки

5. зависеть от свойств металлов

6. имеющееся оборудование

7. сварочный электрод

8. плавкий материал

9. дефектный сварной шов

10. непрерывная подача электрического тока

11. электрическая дуга

12. источник электрического тока

Vocabulary

gas-tungsten -- сварка оплавлением вольфрамовым электродом в среде инертного газа

inert -- инертный

edge -- край

bare -- голый

rate -- зд. скорость

gas-metal arc -- аргонодуговая сварка

considerably -- значительно, гораздо

surrounding -- окружающий

carbon dioxide -- углекислый газ

droplet -- капелька

liquid -- жидкость, жидкий

beneath -- под, ниже, внизу

layer -- слой

weld seam -- сварной шов

resistance -- сопротивление

clamp -- зажим, зажимать

sheet -- лист

fusible -- плавкий

granular -- плавкий

semi-automatic -- полуавтоматическая

to create -- создавать

to submerge -- погружать

General understanding:

1. What is the difference between the arc-welding and non-consumable electrode arc welding?

2. What are the disadvantages of the non-consumable electrode arc welding?

3. How is electrode protected from the air in gas-metal arc welding?

4. What is submerged arc welding?

5. What is the principle of resistance welding?

6. Where is semi-automatic welding employed?

Exercise 6.2. Translate into English:

1. вольфрамовый электрод

2. инертный газ

3. окисление

4. высококачественный сварочный шов

5. скорость сварки

6. аргон, гелий, углекислый газ

7. жидкий металл

8. слой плавкого материала в виде гранул

9. листовой металл

10. полувтоматические сварочные станки

Exercise 6.3. Translate into Russian:

1. In resistance welding, heat is obtained from the resistance of metal to the flow of an electric current.

2. The heat from the arc melts the edges of the metal.

3. A bare electrode is shielded from the air by surrounding it with argon or carbon dioxide gas.

4. Submerged-arc welding is similar to gas-metal arc welding.

5. Electrodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be welded.

6. Resistance causes heat which melts the metals and creates the weld.

General understanding:

1. How is the term automation defined in the text?

2. What is the most «familiar example» of automation given in the text?

3. What was the first step in the development of automaton?

4. What were the first robots originally designed for?

5. What was the first industry to adopt the new integrated system of production?

6. What is feedback principle?

7. What do the abbreviations CAM and CAD stand for?

8. What is FMS?

9. What industries use automation technologies?

Exercise 7.1. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

1. автоматические устройства

2. автоматизированное производство

3. выполнять простые задачи

4. как легкие, так и тяжелые детали

5. интегрированная система производства

6. принцип обратной связи

7. механизм может разгоняться и тормозить

8. компьютер автоматически посылает команды

9. высокоавтоматизированная система

10. непроизводственная система

General understanding:

1. What is the most important application of automation?

2. What are the types of automation used in manufacturing?

3. What is fixed automation?

4. What are the limitations of hard automation?

5. What is the best example of programmable automation?

6. What are the limitations of programmable automation?

7. What are the advantages of flexible automation?

8. Is it possible to produce different products one after another using automation technology?

Exercise 7.2. Find equivalents in English in the text:

1. сфера применения

2. фиксированная последовательность операций

3. автоматические сборочные машины

4. определенные химические процессы

5. станок с числовым программным управлением

6. потерянное производственное время

7. разнообразная продукция

Exercise 7.3. Explain in English what does the following mean?

1. automation technology

2. fixed automation

3. assembly machines

4. non-productive time

5. programmable automation

6. computer terminal

7. numerical-control machine-tool

Vocabulary:

handling -- обращение

transfer -- передача, перенос

location -- местонахождение

pick up -- брать, подбирать

arrangement -- расположение

to utilize -- утилизировать, находить применение

gripper -- захват

to grasp -- схватывать

spot welding -- точечная сварка

continuous -- непрерывный

arc welding -- электродуговая сварка

spray painting -- окраска распылением

frame -- рама

spray-painting gun -- распылитель краски

grinding -- шлифование

polishing -- полирование

spindle -- шпиндель

manual -- ручной

labour -- труд

hazardous -- опасный

shift -- смена

General understanding:

1. How are robots used in manufacturing?

2. What is «material handling»?

3. What does a robot need to be equipped with to do loading and unloading operations?

4. What does robot manipulate in robotic processing operation?

5. What is the most common application of robots in automobile manufacturing?

6. What operations could be done by robot in car manufacturing industry?

7. What are the main reasons to use robots in production?

8. How can robots inspect the quality of production?

9. What operations could be done by robots in hazardous or uncomfortable for the human workers conditions?

Exercise 7.4. Translate into English:

1. Существует несколько различных сфер использования автоматизации в производстве.

2. Для использования жесткой автоматизации необходимы большие инвестиции.

3. Жесткая автоматизация широко используется в химической промышленности.

4. Станки с числовым программным управлением -- хороший пример программируемой автоматизации.

5. Гибкая автоматизация делает возможным перепрограммирование оборудования.

6. Время простоя оборудования оборачивается большими убытками.

7. Использование гибкой автоматизации делает возможным производство разнообразной продукции.

FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

James Watt

James Watt was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, known for his improvements of the steam engine.

Watt was born on January 19, 1736, in Greenock, Scotland. He worked as a mathematical-instrument maker from the age of 19 and soon became interested in improving the steam engine which was used at that time to pump out water from mines.

Watt determined the properties of steam, especially the relation of its density to its temperature and pressure, and designed a separate condensing chamber for the steam engine that prevented large losses of steam in the cylinder. Watt's first patent, in 1769, covered this device and other improvements on steam engine.

At that time. Watt was the partner of the inventor John Roebuck, who had financed his researches. In 1775, however. Roebuck's interest was taken over by the manufacturer Matthew Boulton, owner of the Soho Engineering Works at Birmingham, and he and Watt began the manufacture of steam engines. Watt continued his research and patented several other important inventions, including the rotary engine for driving various types of machinery; the double-action engine, in which steam is admitted alternately into both ends of the cylinder; and the steam indicator, which records the steam pressure in the engine. He retired from the firm in 1800 and thereafter devoted himself entirely to research work.

The misconception that Watt was the actual inventor of the steam engine arose from the fundamental nature of his contributions to its development. The centrifugal or flyball governor, which he invented in 1788, and which automatically regulated the speed of an engine, is of particular interest today. It embodies the feedback principle of a servomechanism, linking output to input, which is the basic concept of automation. The watt, the unit of power, was named in his honour. Watt was also a well-known civil engineer. He invented, in 1767, an attachment that adapted telescopes for use in the measurement of distances. Watt died in Heathfield, near Birmingham, in August 1819.

Vocabulary:

characters -- символы

data -- данные

decision -- решение

device -- устройство

hardware -- оборудование

instruction -- команда

intelligence -- разум

manner -- манера, способ

microwave -- микроволновая

procedures -- процедуры, операции

purpose -- цель

raw -- необработанный, сырой

to come to life -- оживать

to connect -- соединять

to convert -- превращать, преобразовывать

to create -- создавать

to evaluate -- оценивать

to refer to as -- называть что-либо

to refine -- очищать

to respond -- отвечать

transmission -- передача

various -- различные

General understanding:

1) What does the term «computer» describe?

2) Is computer intelligent?

3) What are five components of computer system?

4) What is connectivity?

5) What is software? What's the difference between hardware and software?

6) Why people are the most important component of a computer system?

7) In what way terms «data» and «information» differ?

8) How does computer convert data into information?

Exercise 8.1. Which of the listed below terms have Russian equivalents:

computer, diskette, metal, processor, scanner, information, data, microphones, printer, modem, Internet.

Exercise 8.2. Which of the listed above statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.

1) Computer is made of electronic components so it is referred to as electronic device.

2) Computer has no intelligence until software is loaded.

3) There are five elements of computer system: hardware, software, people, diskettes and data.

4) The manner in which computers are connected is the connectivity.

5) Without software instructions hardware doesn't know what to do.

6) The software is the most important component because it is made by people.

7) The user inputs data into computer to get information as an output.

8) Computer is used to help people in decision making process.

Exercise 8.3. Match the following:

1)... doesn't come to life until it is connected to other parts of a system.

2)... is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task.

3)... create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present

4) Information in the form of instruction is called a...

5) The manner in which the various individual systems are connected is...

6)... is organized, processed and useful for decision making

7) The basic job of the computer is the...

a) program

b) information

c) processing of information

d) software

e) connectivity

f) computer

g) people

Exercise 8.4. Translate the text. Retell the text, using the vocabulary.

Exercise 8.5. Questions for group discussion:

1) Why so many people are still «computer illiterate»?

2) What are the most important applications of computer? (Are computer games just a «waste of time» or it is a nice hobby and a lot of fun?)

3) Who has a computer in your group? Ask them what they use it for?

General understanding:

1. What is the Webster's dictionary definition of the hardware?

2. What groups of hardware could be defined?

3. What is input hardware? What are the examples of input hardware?

4. What is mouse designed for? What is a light pen?

5. What is processing hardware? What are the basic types of memory used in a PC?

6. Can a PC-user change the ROM? Who records the information in ROM?

7. What is storage hardware? What is CD-ROM used for? Can a user record his or her data on a CD? What kind of storage hardware can contain more information: CD-ROM, RAM or ROM?

8. What is modem used for? Can PC-user communicate with other people without a modem?

Exercise 8.6. Which of the listed below statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.

1) Computer is an electronic device therefore hardware is a system of electronic devices.

2) The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing.

3) Scanner is used to input graphics only.

4) The purpose of processing hardware is to retrieve, interpret and direct the execution of software instructions provided to the computer.

5) CPU reads and interprets software and prints the results on paper.

6) User is unable to change the contents of ROM.

7) 5.25" floppy disks are used more often because they are flexible and have more capacity than 3.5" disks.

5) Printer is a processing hardware because its purpose is to show the information produced by the system.

6) Modem is an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data from one computer to another via telephone or other communication lines.

7) The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and retrieve them when needed for processing.

Exercise8.7. Give definitions to the following using the vocabulary

1)CPU

2) ROM

3) Floppy-disk

4) CD-ROM

5) Printer

6) Modem

7) Motherboard

8) Hard disk

9) Keyboard

10) Sound-card

Exercise 8.8. Which of the following is Hardware:

1) program

2) mouse

3)CPU

4) printer

5) modem

6) command

7) port

8) cursor or the pointer

9) keyboard

10) character

Exercise 8.9. Match the following:

1) процессор

2) клавиатура

3) мышь

4) дискета

5) «винчестер»

6) модем

7) экран

8) ПЗУ

9) ОЗУ

a) nonvolatile, non-modifiable computer memory, used to hold programmed instructions to the system.

b) the part of a television or computer on which a picture is formed or information is displayed.

c) rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer programs and relatively large amounts of data.

d) an electronic device that makes possible he transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines.

e) a set of keys, usually arranged in tiers, for operating a typewriter, typesetting machine, computer terminal, or the like.

f) volatile computer memory, used for creating, loading, and running programs and for manipulating and temporarily storing data; main memory.

g) central processing unit: the key component of a computer system, containing the circuitry necessary to interpret and execute program instructions.

h) a palm-sized device equipped with one or more buttons, used to point at and select items on a computer display screen and for controlling the cursor by means of analogous movement on a nearby surface.

i) a thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer data and program.

Questions for group discussion:

1) Without what parts computer is unable to work?

2) What is the most expensive part of the hardware?

3) What other hardware devices do you know? What are they for? Do you know how to use them?

General understanding

1. What is software?

2. In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided?

3. What is system software for?

4. What is an operating system -- a system software or application software?

5. What is a «driver»?

6. What is application software?

7. What is application software used for?

8. What is the tendency in application software market in the recent years?

9. What is the application of the communication software?

Exercise 8.10. Which of the following is Software:

1. Program

2. Mouse

3. CPU

4. Word processor

5. Modem

6. Web-browser

7. Operating system

8. Scanner

9. Printer

10. Display

Exercise 8.11. Which of the listed below statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text:

1) Computer programs only instruct hardware how to handle data storage.

2) System software controls internal computer activities.

3) System software is very dependable on the type of application software being used.

4) The information about memory capacity, the model of the processor and disk drives are unavailable for system software.

5) The driver is a special device usually used by car drivers for Floppy-disk driving.

6) It is very reasonable to ask for a driver when you buy a new piece of hardware.

7) Software developers tend to make their products very small and with poor interface to save computer resources.

8) Communication software is in great demand now because of the new advances in communication technologies.

9) Application software is merely a general-purpose instrument.

10) Web-browsers is the class of software for electronic communication through the network.

Exercise 8.12. Find English equivalents in the text:

1) Программное обеспечение определяет порядок выполнения операций.

2) Прикладные программы выполняют поставленную вами конкретную задачу (удовлетворяют вашу потребность).

3) Этот класс программ -- самый многочисленный и перспективный с точки зрения маркетинга.

4) Системные программы предназначены для конкретных устройств компьютерной системы.

5) Устанавливая драйвер, вы <учите» систему «понимать» вновь присоединенное устройство.

6) Когда компьютер впервые включается, одна из системных программ должна быть загружена в его память.

7) Развитие систем электронной коммуникации за последние пять лет стимулировало производство соответствующих программных продуктов возрастающим числом компаний-разработчиков.

Exercise 8.13. Give definitions to the following using the vocabulary:

1) Software

2) Driver

3) Application software

4) Operating system

5) Communication software

6) Computer

7) Peripheral device

8) Operating system

Questions for group discussion:

1) What do you think is more expensive -- hardware or software?

2) Has anyone in your group ever purchased software? Why do you think piracy (audio, video, computer software) still exists?

FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Babbage, Charles (1792-1871), British mathematician and inventor, who designed and built mechanical computing machines on principles that anticipated the modern electronic computer. Babbage was born in Teignmouth, Devon, and educated at the University of Cambridge. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1816 and was active in the founding of the Analytical, the Royal Astronomical, and the Statistical Societies.

In the 1820s Babbage began developing his Difference Engine, a mechanical device that could perform simple mathematical calculations. Although Babbage started to build his machine, he was unable to complete it because of a lack of funding. In the 1830s Babbage began developing his Analytical Engine, which was designed to carry out more complicated calculations, but this device was never built, too. Babbage's book, «Economy of Machines and Manufactures» (1832), initiated the field of study known today as operational research.

Vocabulary:

complex -- сложный

to consume -- потреблять

consumer -- потребитель

to realize -- понять, осознать

smart -- умный

decade -- декада, десятилетие

version -- версия

to enhance -- увеличивать, расширять

top -- верх, вершина

on top of DOS -- «сверху», на основе ДОС

are shipped -- поставляются

compatible -- совместимый

with a click of a mouse -- одним щелчком кнопки мыши

access -- доступ

to allow -- позволять

multiple users -- многочисленные пользователи

simultaneously -- одновременно

to desire -- желать

to ship -- поставлять, доставлять

General understanding:

1) What problems faced programmers in the 1940's and 1950's?

2) Why were the first programs «complex» and «time-consuming»?

3) What are the basic functions of operating system?

4) What does the abbreviation DOS mean?

5) What company developed the first version of DOS operating system? For what purpose was it done? Was the new operational system successful?

6) What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS-DOS

7) What does the abbreviation NT stand for? Is NT DOS-compatible? What are the basic requirements for NT?

8) Who is the developer of OS/2?

9) What makes UNIX so different from the other operational systems?

10) What are the special features of Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000?

Exercise 9.1. Match the following:

1) Like NT,... is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programmes with a click of a mouse.

2)... is the most commonly used PC operating system

3)... is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system

4)... is an operating system developed by Microsoft, an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows programs.

5) The usage of... is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly.